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Result : Searchterm 'Gradient Strength' found in 1 term [] and 7 definitions [], (+ 17 Boolean[] results
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MRI History
 
•
Sir Joseph Larmor (1857-1942) developed the equation that the angular frequency of precession of the nuclear spins being proportional to the strength of the magnetic field. [Larmor relationship]
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In the 1930's, Isidor Isaac Rabi (Columbia University) succeeded in detecting and measuring single states of rotation of atoms and molecules, and in determining the mechanical and magnetic moments of the nuclei.
•
Felix Bloch (Stanford University) and Edward Purcell (Harvard University) developed instruments, which could measure the magnetic resonance in bulk material such as liquids and solids. (Both honored with the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1952.) [The birth of the NMR spectroscopy]
•
In the early 70's, Raymond Damadian (State University of New York) demonstrated with his NMR device, that there are different T1 relaxation times between normal and abnormal tissues of the same type, as well as between different types of normal tissues.
•
In 1973, Paul Lauterbur (State University of New York) described a new imaging technique that he termed Zeugmatography. By utilizing gradients in the magnetic field, this technique was able to produce a two-dimensional image (back-projection). (Through analysis of the characteristics of the emitted radio waves, their origin could be determined.) Peter Mansfield further developed the utilization of gradients in the magnetic field and the mathematically analysis of these signals for a more useful imaging technique. (Paul C Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield were awarded with the 2003 Nobel Prize in Medicine.)
•
In 1975, Richard Ernst introduced 2D NMR using phase and frequency encoding, and the Fourier Transform. Instead of Paul Lauterbur's back-projection, he timely switched magnetic field gradients ('NMR Fourier Zeugmatography'). [This basic reconstruction method is the basis of current MRI techniques.]
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1977/78: First images could be presented. A cross section through a finger by Peter Mansfield and Andrew A. Maudsley. Peter Mansfield also could present the first image through the abdomen.
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In 1977, Raymond Damadian completed (after 7 years) the first MR scanner (Indomitable). In 1978, he founded the FONAR Corporation, which manufactured the first commercial MRI scanner in 1980. Fonar went public in 1981.
•
1981: Schering submitted a patent application for Gd-DTPA dimeglumine.
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1982: The first 'magnetization-transfer' imaging by Robert N. Muller.
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In 1983, Toshiba obtained approval from the Ministry of Health and Welfare in Japan for the first commercial MRI system.
•
In 1984, FONAR Corporation receives FDA approval for its first MRI scanner.
•
1986: Jürgen Hennig, A. Nauerth, and Hartmut Friedburg (University of Freiburg) introduced RARE (rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement) imaging. Axel Haase, Jens Frahm, Dieter Matthaei, Wolfgang Haenicke, and Dietmar K. Merboldt (Max-Planck-Institute, Göttingen) developed the FLASH (fast low angle shot) sequence.
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1988: Schering's MAGNEVIST gets its first approval by the FDA.
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In 1991, fMRI was developed independently by the University of Minnesota's Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR) and Massachusetts General Hospital's (MGH) MR Center.
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From 1992 to 1997 Fonar was paid for the infringement of it's patents from 'nearly every one of its competitors in the MRI industry including giant multi-nationals as Toshiba, Siemens, Shimadzu, Philips and GE'.
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Images, Movies, Sliders:
 Cardiac Infarct Short Axis Cine Overview  Open this link in a new window
    

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman
 
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• Related Searches:
    • Lumbar Spine MRI
    • Cardiac MRI
    • MRI Procedure
    • Spin
    • Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI
 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, History & Introduction
2000   by www.cis.rit.edu    
A Short History of the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
   by www.teslasociety.com    
Fonar Our History
   by www.fonar.com    
  News & More:
Scientists win Nobels for work on MRI
Tuesday, 10 June 2003   by usatoday30.usatoday.com    
2001 Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award Winner
   by web.mit.edu    
MRI's inside story
Thursday, 4 December 2003   by www.economist.com    
MRI Resources 
Veterinary MRI - Societies - Cardiovascular Imaging - Devices - Breast Implant - Raman Spectroscopy
 
Virgoâ„¢InfoSheet: - Devices -
Intro, 
Types of Magnets, 
Overview, 
etc.MRI Resource Directory:
 - Devices -
 
www.canamglobal.com/mri/virgomri.html From Millennium Technology Inc. This open C-shaped MRI system eases patient comfort and technologist maneuverability. This low cost scanner is build for a wide range of applications. The Virgo™ patient table is detachable and moves on easy rolling castors. Able to accommodate patient weights up to 160 kg, the tabletop has a range of motion of 30 cm in the lateral direction and 90cm in the longitudinal direction. Images generated with this scanner can only be viewed (without data loss) on Millennium's proprietary viewing software.
Device Information and Specification
CLINICAL APPLICATION
Whole body
CONFIGURATION
C shaped
SYNCHRONIZATION
Standard cardiac gating, ECG/peripheral, respiratory gating
PULSE SEQUENCES
2D Spin Echo (single and multi-echo), 2D Inversion Recovery, 2D Sequential and 3D Volume Gradient Echo, 2D and 3D Spoiled Gradient Echo
IMAGING MODES
Localizer, single slice, multislice, volume, fast, POMP, multi slab, cine, slice and frequency zip, extended dynamic range, tailored RF
TR
steps of 1 msec
TE
steps of 1 msec
SINGLE/MULTI SLICE
Simultaneous scan and reconstruction;; 100 images/second reconstruction
400 mm
2D : 2 mm; 3D : 0.5 mm
MEASURING MATRIX
512x512
PIXEL INTENSITY
256 gray levels
MAGNET TYPE
Permanent
BORE DIAMETER
or Vertical Gap
44 cm
STRENGTH
15 mT/m
5-GAUSS FRINGE FIELD
3 m/3 m
Passive
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MRI Resources 
Resources - Raman Spectroscopy - Online Books - General - Calculation - Jobs pool
 
S-SCANInfoSheet: - Devices -
Intro, 
Types of Magnets, 
Overview, 
etc.
 
www.esaote.com/products/MRI/sScan/products1.htm From Esaote S.p.A.; Esaote introduced the S-SCAN at RSNA in November 2007. The S-SCAN is a dedicated joint and spine MR scanner derived from the company's earlier G-SCAN system. Unlike the G-SCAN, neither the patient table nor the magnet can rotate from horizontal to vertical position. The patient table can only moved manually. Improved electronics, new coils for lumbar and cervical spine, new pulse sequences, a modified version of the magnet poles and gradient coils are used with a new software release in the S-SCAN.
Esaote North America is the exclusive U.S. distributor of this MRI device.
Device Information and Specification
CLINICAL APPLICATION
CONFIGURATION
4-channel phased array spine coil, extremity, shoulder, flex coil, knee dual phased array, ankle//foot dual phased array, hand//wrist dual phased array
PULSE SEQUENCES
SE, GE, IR, STIR, TSE, 3D CE, GE-STIR, 3D GE, ME, TME, HSE
IMAGING MODES
Single, multislice, volume study, fast scan, multi slab, cine
25 cm
MEASURING MATRIX
256 x 256 maximum
MAGNET TYPE
Permanent
33 cm H, open
POWER REQUIREMENTS
3 kW; 110/220 V single phase
STRENGTH
25 mT/m
5-GAUSS FRINGE FIELD, radial/axial
180 cm
Passive
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• View the DATABASE results for 'S-SCAN' (3).Open this link in a new window


• View the NEWS results for 'S-SCAN' (1).Open this link in a new window.
 
Further Reading:
  News & More:
Wichita medical facility gets first Hologic S-scan MRI in the United States
Friday, 19 October 2007   by wichita.bizjournals.com    
Searchterm 'Gradient Strength' was also found in the following service: 
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Signa Infinity 1.5Tâ„¢ with ExciteInfoSheet: - Devices -
Intro, 
Types of Magnets, 
Overview, 
etc.MRI Resource Directory:
 - Devices -
 
www.gehealthcare.com/usen/mr/s_excite15/index.html From GE Healthcare;
'EXCITE technology has the potential to open the door to new imaging techniques and clinical applications, leaping beyond conventional two and three-dimensional MRI to true 4D imaging that will improve the diagnosis of disease throughout the human body from head to foot.' Robert R. Edelman, M.D., Professor of Radiology at Northwestern University Medical School and Chairman, Department of Radiology, at Evanston Northwestern Healthcare.
Device Information and Specification
CLINICAL APPLICATION
Whole body
CONFIGURATION
Short bore
Head and body coil standard; all other coils optional; open architecture makes system compatible with a wide selection of coils
Optional 2D/3D brain and prostate
SYNCHRONIZATION
ECG/peripheral, respiratory gating, (SmartPrep, SmartStep)
PULSE SEQUENCES
Standard: SE, IR, 2D/3D GRE and SPGR, Angiography: 2D/3D TOF, 2D/3D Phase Contrast;; 2D/3D FSE, 2D/3D FGRE and FSPGR, SSFP, FLAIR, EPI, optional: 2D/3D Fiesta, FGRET, Spiral, Tensor
IMAGING MODES
Localizer, single slice, multislice, volume, fast, POMP, multi slab, cine
TR
1.3 to 12000 msec in increments of 1 msec
TE
0.4 to 2000 msec in increments of 1 msec
SINGLE/MULTI SLICE
Simultaneous scan and reconstruction;; up to 200 or 400 images per second
1 cm to 48 cm continuous
2D 0.7 mm to 20 mm; 3D 0.1 mm to 5 mm
1028 x 1024
MEASURING MATRIX
128x512 steps 32 phase encode
PIXEL INTENSITY
256 gray levels
0.08 mm; 0.02 mm optional
MAGNET WEIGHT
3863 kg
H*W*D
172 x 208 x 216 cm
POWER REQUIREMENTS
480 or 380/415
COOLING SYSTEM TYPE
Closed-loop water-cooled gradient
CRYOGEN USE, L/hr
less than 0.03 L/hr liquid helium
STRENGTH
SmartSpeed 23 mT/m, HiSpeed Plus 33 mT/m, EchoSpeed Plus 33 mT/m
5-GAUSS FRINGE FIELD
4.0 m x 2.8 m axial x radial
Active
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• View the DATABASE results for 'Signa Infinity 1.5T™ with Excite' (2).Open this link in a new window

MRI Resources 
Patient Information - Breast Implant - Contrast Agents - Quality Advice - - Safety pool
 
Signa HDe 1.5Tâ„¢InfoSheet: - Devices -
Intro, 
Types of Magnets, 
Overview, 
etc.
 
www.vitalcom.com/euen/mri/products/signa-hde-15t/index.html From GE Healthcare;
GE Healthcare has added the Signa HDe 1.5T™, a compact MRI device at an affordable price to its family of MRI products. It has a single electronic cabinet that can be positioned inside the scanner room rather than in a separate equipment room. The Signa HDe 1.5T can be installed in the same physical location as 0.5T MRI systems with minimal construction costs. According to GE, the installation has been simplified to last only 7 days and has a 30 percent smaller footprint than a typical 1.5T system.
The 1.5T Signa™ HDe MRI system is substantially equivalent to the currently marketed GE 1.5T machines. The data acquisition system supports 1, 4, 8 independent receive channels and multiple independent coil elements per channel during a single acquisition series. The gradient specifications of HDe are lower than other GE Signa 1.5T MRI systems, but it can support clinical applications in cardiac and spectroscopy imaging.
Device Information and Specification
CLINICAL APPLICATION
Whole body
CONFIGURATION
Compact short bore
Head and body coil standard; all other coils optional e.g., abdomen, spine, breast, knee, shoulder, cardiac imaging coils
Possible
SYNCHRONIZATION
ECG/peripheral, respiratory gating, (SmartPrep, SmartStep)
PULSE SEQUENCES
Standard: SE, IR, 2D/3D GRE and SPGR, Angiography: 2D/3D TOF, 2D/3D Phase Contrast; 2D/3D FSE, 2D/3D FGRE and FSPGR, SSFP, FLAIR, EPI
IMAGING MODES
2D single slice, multi slice, and 3D volume images, multi slab, cine
1 cm to 48 cm continuous
2D 0.7 mm to 20 mm; 3D 0.1 mm to 5 mm
1028 x 1024
MEASURING MATRIX
128x512 steps 32 phase encode
PIXEL INTENSITY
256 gray levels
POWER REQUIREMENTS
480 or 380/415
COOLING SYSTEM TYPE
Closed-loop water-cooled gradient
CRYOGEN USE, L/hr
less than 0.03 L/hr liquid helium
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• View the NEWS results for 'Signa HDe 1.5Tâ„¢' (1).Open this link in a new window.
 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
Signa HDe 1.5T
   by www.gehealthcare.com/    
MRI Resources 
Breast MRI - Spine MRI - Software - Pathology - Pacemaker - Patient Information
 
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MRI is trending to low field magnets :
reduced costs will lead to this change 
AI will close the gap to high field 
only in remote areas 
is only temporary 
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