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Dynamic Range
 
The range of signal intensities that may need to be distinguished in an image or spectrum or that can be distinguished by the electronic components. If the signal dynamic range is too great, the need to keep the highest intensities from overloading the digitizer may result in the weaker features being lost in the digitization noise. This can be dealt with by using an analog to digital converter with a larger range of sensitivity or by using techniques to reduce the dynamic range, e.g. suppressing the signal from water in order to detect the signal from less abundant compounds.
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Digitization Noise ArtifactInfoSheet: - Artifacts - 
Case Studies, 
Reduction Index, 
etc.MRI Resource Directory:
 - Artifacts -
 
Quick Overview
Please note that there are different common names for this artifact.
Artifact Information
NAME
Digitization noise, digitizer quantization, low dynamic range
DESCRIPTION
Noise
REASON
Finite voltage resolution of the digitizer
HELP
Larger range of sensitivity
Noise introduced into digitized signals by the finite voltage resolution of the digitizer.
You can see the effects of quantization if the noise level is smaller than the digitizer quantum. If the signal dynamic range is too great, the highest intensities from overloading the digitizer may result in the weaker features being lost in the digitization noise.
mri safety guidance
Image Guidance
This can be resolved by using an analog to digital converter with a larger range of sensitivity or by using techniques to reduce the dynamic range, e.g. suppressing the signal from water in order to detect the signal from less abundant compounds.
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Further Reading:
  Basics:
MRI Artifact Gallery
   by chickscope.beckman.uiuc.edu    
MRI Resources 
Quality Advice - Jobs pool - Chemistry - Intraoperative MRI - Devices - Mobile MRI Rental
 
Digitization
 
Process of conversion of continuous (analog) signals, such as the detected MR signal (voltage), into numbers. This is carried out with an analog to digital converter. There are two kinds of discretization involved: the voltage is only measured (sampled) at particular discrete times, and only voltages within a particular range and separated by a particular minimum amount can be distinguished. Voltages beyond this range are said to exceed the dynamic range of the digitizer.
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Further Reading:
  Basics:
Bandwidth in MRI?
   by www.healthcare.siemens.com    
  News & More:
University of Texas supercomputer speeds real-time MRI analysis
Thursday, 2 March 2017   by www.information-management.com    
Philips Launches Ingenia Digital Broadband MRI
Thursday, 2 December 2010   by www.medgadget.com    
Searchterm 'Dynamic Range' was also found in the following services: 
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Signa Ovation™InfoSheet: - Devices -
Intro, 
Types of Magnets, 
Overview, 
etc.MRI Resource Directory:
 - Devices -
 
www.gehealthcare.com/usen/mr/ovation/index.html From GE Healthcare;
the Signa Ovation™ is a patient-friendly open MRI scanner designed not only to handle a typical patient mix, but to accommodate larger patients, patients who are claustrophobic, and others who have difficulty tolerating the close quarters of conventional MR machines.
Device Information and Specification
CLINICAL APPLICATION
Whole body
CONFIGURATION
Integrated transmit and receive body coil; head coil, 4 channel neurovascular array, 8 channel CTL array, 2 channel shoulder array, 3 channel large extremity array, 3 channel small extremity array, 4 channel foot array, 3 channel wrist array
SYNCHRONIZATION
Standard cardiac gating, ECG/peripheral, respiratory gating
PULSE SEQUENCES
Standard: SE, IR, 2D/3D GRE and SPGR, 2D/3D TOF, 2D/3D FSE, 2D/3D FGRE and FSPGR, SSFP, FLAIR, EPI, optional: 2D/3D Fiesta, true chem sat, fat/water separation, single shot diffusion EPI, line scan diffusion
IMAGING MODES
Localizer, single slice, multislice, volume, fast, POMP, multi slab, cine, slice and frequency zip, extended dynamic range, tailored RF
TR
1.3 to 12000 msec in increments of 1 msec
TE
0.4 to 2000 msec in increments of 1 msec
SINGLE/MULTI SLICE
Simultaneous scan and reconstruction;; 80 images/second reconstruction
3cm to 40 cm continuous
2D: 1.4mm - 20mm 3D: 0.2mm - 20mm
1280 x 1024
MEASURING MATRIX
128x512 steps 32 phase//freq.
PIXEL INTENSITY
256 gray levels
0.08 mm; 0.02 mm optional
MAGNET TYPE
Permanent
175 x 85 x 447 cm
MAGNET WEIGHT
19200 kg
H*W*D
530 x 175 x 250 cm
POWER REQUIREMENTS
200 - 480, 3-phase
GRADIENT COOLING
None
MAX. GRADIENT AMPLITUDE
19 mT/m
5-GAUSS FRINGE FIELD
2.5 m/2.5 m
Computerized passive shimming during magnet setup, autoshim per series with automatic table motion to magnet isocenter for each prescription
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Signa Profile™InfoSheet: - Devices -
Intro, 
Types of Magnets, 
Overview, 
etc.MRI Resource Directory:
 - Devices -
 
www.gehealthcare.com/usen/mr/profilei/index.html From GE Healthcare;
the New Signa Profile/i is a patient friendly open MRI system that virtually eliminates patient anxiety and claustrophobia, without compromising diagnostic utility.
Device Information and Specification
CLINICAL APPLICATION
Whole body
CONFIGURATION
Integrated transmit body coil, body flex sizes: M, L, XL, quadrature, head coil quadrature, 4 channel neurovascular array, 8 channel CTL array, quad. c-spine, 2 channel shoulder array, extremity coil, 3 channel wrist array, 4 channel breast array, 6, 9, 11 inch general purpose loop coils
SYNCHRONIZATION
Standard cardiac gating, ECG/peripheral, respiratory gating
PULSE SEQUENCES
Standard: SE, IR, 2D/3D GRE and SPGR, Angiography: 2D/3D TOF, 2D/3D phase contrast; 2D/3D FSE, 2D/3D FRFSE, FGRE and FSPGR, SSFP, FLAIR, EPI, optional: 2D/3D Fiesta, fat/water separation, T1 FLAIR
IMAGING MODES
Localizer, single slice, multislice, volume, fast, POMP, multi slab, cine, slice and frequency zip, extended dynamic range, tailored RF
TR
6 to 12000 msec in increments of 1 msec
TE
1.3 to 2000 msec in increments of 1 msec
SINGLE/MULTI SLICE
Simultaneous scan and reconstruction;; 80 images/second reconstruction
3cm to 40 cm continuous
2D: 2.7mm - 20mm 3D: 0.2mm - 5mm
1280 x 1024
MEASURING MATRIX
128x512 steps 32 phase//freq.
PIXEL INTENSITY
256 gray levels
0.08 mm; 0.02 mm optional
MAGNET TYPE
Permanent
120 x 44 cm
MAGNET WEIGHT
10,000 kg w/gradient enclosure
H*W*D
147 x 214 x 193 cm
POWER REQUIREMENTS
200 - 480, 3-phase
COOLING SYSTEM TYPE
None required
STRENGTH
15 mT/m
5-GAUSS FRINGE FIELD
1.7 m/1.7 m
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