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Breath Hold ImagingMRI Resource Directory:
 - Abdominal Imaging -
 
Breath hold imaging in MRI is a technique with one ore more stoppage of breathing during the sequence and require therefore a short scan time. Breath hold techniques are used with fast gradient echo sequences in thoracic or abdominal regions with much respiratory movement.
Breath hold cine MRI techniques are used in cardiovascular imaging and provide detailed views of the beating heart in different cardiac axes.
Breath hold imaging requires the full cooperation of the patient, caused by usual MRI scan times from 15 to 20 sec.. In some cases breath holding can be practiced outside the MRI scanner to improve patient cooperation with the examination. Shorter scan times e.g. by parallel imaging techniques, or the administration of oxygen can help the patient to hold the breath during the scan.
See also Abdominal Imaging.
 
Images, Movies, Sliders:
 MRI Upper Abdomen T1 with Contrast  Open this link in a new window
 Normal Dual Inversion Fast Spin-echo  Open this link in a new window
 Anatomic Imaging of the Lungs  Open this link in a new window
 
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• Related Searches:
    • Lung Imaging
    • Cardiac MRI
    • Abdominal Imaging
    • Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography
    • Cardiac Axes
 
Further Reading:
  News & More:
The Effects of Breathing Motion on DCE-MRI Images: Phantom Studies Simulating Respiratory Motion to Compare CAIPIRINHA-VIBE, Radial-VIBE, and Conventional VIBE
Tuesday, 7 February 2017   by www.kjronline.org    
Controlling patient's breathing makes cardiac MRI more accurate
Friday, 13 May 2016   by www.upi.com    
Accurate T1 Quantification Using a Breath-hold Inversion Recovery TrueFISP Sequence
2003   by rsna2003.rsna.org    
MRI Resources 
Used and Refurbished MRI Equipment - Liver Imaging - Process Analysis - Collections - Claustrophobia - MRI Training Courses
 
Abdominal ImagingMRI Resource Directory:
 - Abdominal Imaging -
 
General MRI of the abdomen can consist of T1 or T2 weighted spin echo, fast spin echo (FSE, TSE) or gradient echo sequences with fat suppression and contrast enhanced MRI techniques. The examined organs include liver, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, adrenals as well as parts of the stomach and intestine (see also gastrointestinal imaging). Respiratory compensation and breath hold imaging is mandatory for a good image quality.
T1 weighted sequences are more sensitive for lesion detection than T2 weighted sequences at 0.5 T, while higher field strengths (greater than 1.0 T), T2 weighted and spoiled gradient echo sequences are used for focal lesion detection. Gradient echo in phase T1 breath hold can be performed as a dynamic series with the ability to visualize the blood distribution. Phases of contrast enhancement include the capillary or arterial dominant phase for demonstrating hypervascular lesions, in liver imaging the portal venous phase demonstrates the maximum difference between the liver and hypovascular lesions, while the equilibrium phase demonstrates interstitial disbursement for edematous and malignant tissues.
Out of phase gradient echo imaging for the abdomen is a lipid-type tissue sensitive sequence and is useful for the visualization of focal hepatic lesions, fatty liver (see also Dixon), hemochromatosis, adrenal lesions and renal masses. The standards for abdominal MRI vary according to clinical sites based on sequence availability and MRI equipment. Specific abdominal imaging coils and liver-specific contrast agents targeted to the healthy liver tissue improve the detection and localization of lesions.
See also Hepatobiliary Contrast Agents, Reticuloendothelial Contrast Agents, and Oral Contrast Agents.

For Ultrasound Imaging (USI) see Abdominal Ultrasound at Medical-Ultrasound-Imaging.com.
 
Images, Movies, Sliders:
 MR Colonography Gadolinium per Rectum  Open this link in a new window
      

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman
 Anatomic Imaging of the Liver  Open this link in a new window
      

 CE MRA of the Aorta  Open this link in a new window
    
SlidersSliders Overview

 
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• View the DATABASE results for 'Abdominal Imaging' (11).Open this link in a new window


• View the NEWS results for 'Abdominal Imaging' (3).Open this link in a new window.
 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
Abbreviated MRI Protocols for the Abdomen
Friday, 22 March 2019   by pubs.rsna.org    
Abdominal MRI at 3.0 T: The Basics Revisited
Wednesday, 20 July 2005   by www.ajronline.org    
Usefulness of MR Imaging for Diseases of the Small Intestine: Comparison with CT
2000   by www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov    
  News & More:
Assessment of Female Pelvic Pathologies: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Patients Undergoing Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Pelvic Assessment at the Maternity and Children Hospital, Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia
Saturday, 7 October 2023   by www.cureus.com    
Higher Visceral, Subcutaneous Fat Levels Predict Brain Volume Loss in Midlife
Wednesday, 4 October 2023   by www.neurologyadvisor.com    
Deep Learning Helps Provide Accurate Kidney Volume Measurements
Tuesday, 27 September 2022   by www.rsna.org    
CT, MRI for pediatric pancreatitis interobserver agreement with INSPPIRE
Friday, 11 March 2022   by www.eurekalert.org    
Clinical trial: Using MRI for prostate cancer diagnosis equals or beats current standard
Thursday, 4 February 2021   by www.eurekalert.org    
Computer-aided detection and diagnosis for prostate cancer based on mono and multi-parametric MRI: A review - Abstract
Tuesday, 28 April 2015   by urotoday.com    
Nottingham scientists exploit MRI technology to assist in the treatment of IBS
Thursday, 9 January 2014   by www.news-medical.net    
New MR sequence helps radiologists more accurately evaluate abnormalities of the uterus and ovaries
Thursday, 23 April 2009   by www.eurekalert.org    
MRI identifies 'hidden' fat that puts adolescents at risk for disease
Tuesday, 27 February 2007   by www.eurekalert.org    
MRI Resources 
Collections - Safety pool - Pregnancy - Lung Imaging - Musculoskeletal and Joint MRI - Contrast Enhanced MRI
 
Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance AngiographyInfoSheet: - Sequences - 
Intro, 
Overview, 
Types of, 
etc.MRI Resource Directory:
 - MRA -
 
(CE MRA) Contrast enhanced MR angiography is based on the T1 values of blood, the surrounding tissue, and paramagnetic contrast agent.
T1-shortening contrast agents reduces the T1 value of the blood (approximately to 50 msec, shorter than that of the surrounding tissues) and allow the visualization of blood vessels, as the images are no longer dependent primarily on the inflow effect of the blood. Contrast enhanced MRA is performed with a short TR to have low signal (due to the longer T1) from the stationary tissue, short scan time to facilitate breath hold imaging, short TE to minimize T2* effects and a bolus injection of a sufficient dose of a gadolinium chelate.
Images of the region of interest are performed with 3D spoiled gradient echo pulse sequences. The enhancement is maximized by timing the contrast agent injection such that the period of maximum arterial concentration corresponds to the k-space acquisition. Different techniques are used to ensure optimal contrast of the arteries e.g., bolus timing, automatic bolus detection, bolus tracking, care bolus. A high resolution with near isotropic voxels and minimal pulsatility and misregistration artifacts should be striven for. The postprocessing with the maximum intensity projection (MIP) enables different views of the 3D data set.
Unlike conventional MRA techniques based on velocity dependent inflow or phase shift techniques, contrast enhanced MRA exploits the gadolinium induced T1-shortening effects. CE MRA reduces or eliminates most of the artifacts of time of flight angiography or phase contrast angiography. Advantages are the possibility of in plane imaging of the blood vessels, which allows to examine large parts in a short time and high resolution scans in one breath hold. CE MRA has found a wide acceptance in the clinical routine, caused by the advantages:
•
3D MRA can be acquired in any plane, which means that greater vessel coverage can be obtained at high resolution with fewer slices (aorta, peripheral vessels);
•
the possibility to perform a time resolved examination (similarly to conventional angiography);
•
no use of ionizing radiation; paramagnetic agents have a beneficial safety.
 
Images, Movies, Sliders:
 CE-MRA of the Carotid Arteries  Open this link in a new window
    
SlidersSliders Overview

 CE MRA of the Aorta  Open this link in a new window
    
SlidersSliders Overview

 CE-MRA of the Carotid Arteries Colored MIP  Open this link in a new window
    
SlidersSliders Overview

 
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• View the DATABASE results for 'Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography' (14).Open this link in a new window


• View the NEWS results for 'Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography' (2).Open this link in a new window.
 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
Contrast-Enhanced MR Angiography(.pdf)
   by ric.uthscsa.edu    
CONTRAST ENHANCED MR ANGIOGRAPHY – PRINCIPLES, APPLICATIONS, TIPS AND PITFALLS(.pdf)
  News & More:
CONTRAST-ENHANCED MRA OF THE CAROTIDS(.pdf)
PERIPHERAL VASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY(.pdf)
CONTRAST ENHANCED MRI OF THE LIVER STATE-OF-THE-ART(.pdf)
MRI Resources 
Safety Training - Services and Supplies - Intraoperative MRI - Implant and Prosthesis pool - Functional MRI - Nerve Stimulator
 
Fast Relaxation Fast Spin EchoInfoSheet: - Sequences - 
Intro, 
Overview, 
Types of, 
etc.
 
(FRFSE, FR-FSE) The fast relaxation fast spin echo sequence provides high signal intensity of fluids even with short repetition times, and can be used with parallel imaging techniques for short breath hold imaging or respiratory gating for free-breathing, high isotropic resolution MR imaging. After signal decay at the end of the echo train, a negative 90° pulse align spins with long T2 from the transverse plane to the longitudinal plane, leading to a much faster recovery of tissues with long T2 time to the equilibrium and thus better contrast between tissues with long and short T2.
Fast relaxation FSE has advantages also for volumetric imaging as the TR can be substantially reduced and thus the scan time. The sequence can be post processed with maximum intensity projection, surface or volume rendering algorithms to visualize anatomical details in brain or spine MRI. Cerebro spinal fluid pulsation artifacts, often problematic in the cervical or thoracic spine may be reduced by radial sampling, in particular when combined with acquisitions of the PROPELLER type.

See also Fast spin echo, Driven Equilibrium.
 
Images, Movies, Sliders:
 Shoulder Sagittal T2 FatSat FRFSE  Open this link in a new window
    

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman
 Shoulder Axial T2 FatSat FRFSE  Open this link in a new window
 Shoulder Coronal T2 FatSat FRFSE  Open this link in a new window
    

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman
 
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MRI Resources 
Abdominal Imaging - Equipment - Hospitals - Claustrophobia - Case Studies - Stimulator pool
 
Fast Spin EchoForum -
related threadsInfoSheet: - Sequences - 
Intro, 
Overview, 
Types of, 
etc.
 
Fast Spin Echo Diagram (FSE) In the pulse sequence timing diagram, a fast spin echo sequence with an echo train length of 3 is illustrated. This sequence is characterized by a series of rapidly applied 180° rephasing pulses and multiple echoes, changing the phase encoding gradient for each echo.
The echo time TE may vary from echo to echo in the echo train. The echoes in the center of the K-space (in the case of linear k-space acquisition) mainly produce the type of image contrast, whereas the periphery of K-space determines the spatial resolution. For example, in the middle of K-space the late echoes of T2 weighted images are encoded. T1 or PD contrast is produced from the early echoes.
The benefit of this technique is that the scan duration with, e.g. a turbo spin echo turbo factor / echo train length of 9, is one ninth of the time. In T1 weighted and proton density weighted sequences, there is a limit to how large the ETL can be (e.g. a usual ETL for T1 weighted images is between 3 and 7). The use of large echo train lengths with short TE results in blurring and loss of contrast. For this reason, T2 weighted imaging profits most from this technique.
In T2 weighted FSE images, both water and fat are hyperintense. This is because the succession of 180° RF pulses reduces the spin spin interactions in fat and increases its T2 decay time. Fast spin echo (FSE) sequences have replaced conventional T2 weighted spin echo sequences for most clinical applications. Fast spin echo allows reduced acquisition times and enables T2 weighted breath hold imaging, e.g. for applications in the upper abdomen.
In case of the acquisition of 2 echoes this type of a sequence is named double fast spin echo / dual echo sequence, the first echo is usually density and the second echo is T2 weighted image. Fast spin echo images are more T2 weighted, which makes it difficult to obtain true proton density weighted images. For dual echo imaging with density weighting, the TR should be kept between 2000 - 2400 msec with a short ETL (e.g., 4).
Other terms for this technique are:
Turbo Spin Echo
Rapid Imaging Spin Echo,
Rapid Spin Echo,
Rapid Acquisition Spin Echo,
Rapid Acquisition with Refocused Echoes
 
Images, Movies, Sliders:
 Lumbar Spine T2 FSE Sagittal  Open this link in a new window
    

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman
 MRI - Anatomic Imaging of the Foot  Open this link in a new window
    
SlidersSliders Overview

 Lumbar Spine T2 FSE Axial  Open this link in a new window
    

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman
 
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• View the DATABASE results for 'Fast Spin Echo' (31).Open this link in a new window

 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
MYELIN-SELECTIVE MRI: PULSE SEQUENCE DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION
   by www.imaging.robarts.ca    
Advances in Magnetic Resonance Neuroimaging
Friday, 27 February 2009   by www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov    
  News & More:
New MR sequence helps radiologists more accurately evaluate abnormalities of the uterus and ovaries
Thursday, 23 April 2009   by www.eurekalert.org    
Spin echoes, CPMG and T2 relaxation - Introductory NMR & MRI from Magritek
2013   by www.azom.com    
MRI Resources 
Service and Support - Spectroscopy - Bioinformatics - Lung Imaging - Devices - Developers
 
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