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Cardiac StentForum -
related threadsMRI Resource Directory:
 - Safety -
 
The MRI safety of cardiac stents is dependent of the material, the examined part of the body and the used field strength. A susceptibility artifact is expected also in low magnetic fields, but less.
mri safety guidance
MRI Safety Guidance
Most of the used materials are non-magnetic, for this case there is no risk for movement caused through the magnetic field. If the cardiac stent is outside the region of the radio frequency pulse, also the risk of e.g. heating is low.
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• For this and other aspects of MRI safety see our InfoSheet about MRI Safety.
• Patient-related information is collected in our MRI Patient Information.

 
• Related Searches:
    • Specific Absorption Rate
    • Cardiovascular Imaging
    • Heart MRI
    • MRI Safety
    • Cardiac MRI
 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Coronary Artery Stents Referred for MRI Procedures
Tuesday, 1 January 2019   by www.ismrm.org    
MRI Safety Resources 
Implant and Prosthesis pool - Guidance - Pregnancy - Cochlear Implant - Stimulator pool
 
MRI RisksMRI Resource Directory:
 - Safety -
 
The subacute risks and side effects of magnetic and RF fields (for patients and staff) have been intensively examined for a long time, but there have been no long-term studies following persons who have been exposed to the static magnetic fields used in MRI. However, no permanent hazardous effects of a static magnetic field exposure upon human beings have yet been demonstrated.
Temporary possible side effects of high magnetic and RF fields:
Varying magnetic fields can induce so-called magnetic phosphenes that occur when an individual is subject to rapid changes of 2-5 T/s, which can produce a flashing sensation in the eyes. This temporary side effect does not seem to damage the eyes. Static field strengths used for clinical MRI examinations vary between 0.2 and 3.0 tesla;; field changes during the MRI scan vary in the dimension of mT/s. Experimental imaging units can use higher field strengths of up to 14.0 T, which are not approved for human use.
The Radio frequency pulses mainly produce heat, which is absorbed by the body tissue. If the power of the RF radiation is very high, the patient may be heated too much. To avoid this heating, the limit of RF exposure in MRI is up to the maximum specific absorption rate (SAR) of 4 W/kg whole body weight (can be different from country to country). For MRI safety reasons, the MRI machine starts no sequence, if the SAR limit is exceeded.
Very high static magnetic fields are needed to reduce the conductivity of nerves perceptibly. Augmentation of T waves is observed at fields used in standard imaging but this side effect in MRI is completely reversible upon removal from the magnet. Cardiac arrhythmia threshold is typically set to 7-10 tesla. The magnetohydrodynamic effect, which results from a voltage occurring across a vessel in a magnetic field and percolated by a saline solution such as blood, is irrelevant at the field strengths used.

The results of some animal and cellular studies suggest the possibility that electromagnetic fields may act as co-carcinogens or tumor promoters, but the data are inconclusive. Up to 45 tesla, no important effects on enzyme systems have been observed. Neither changes in enzyme kinetics, nor orientation changes in macromolecules have been conclusively demonstrated.
There are some publications associating an increase in the incidence of leukemia with the location of buildings close to high-current power lines with extremely low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic radiation of 50-60 Hz, and industrial exposure to electric and magnetic fields but a transposition of such effects to MRI or MRS seems unlikely.
Under consideration of the MRI safety guidelines, real dangers or risks of an exposure with common MRI field strengths up to 3 tesla as well as the RF exposure during the MRI scan, are not to be expected.

For more MRI safety information see also Nerve Conductivity, Contraindications, Pregnancy and Specific Absorption Rate.

See also the related poll result: 'In 2010 your scanner will probably work with a field strength of'
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• View the DATABASE results for 'MRI Risks' (9).Open this link in a new window


• View the NEWS results for 'MRI Risks' (3).Open this link in a new window.
 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
MRI in Patients with Implanted Devices: Current Controversies
Monday, 1 August 2016   by www.acc.org    
Working with MRI machines may cause vertigo: Study
Wednesday, 25 June 2014   by www.cos-mag.com    
Physics of MRI Safety
   by www.aapm.org    
When Your Kid Needs an MRI: Optimizing the Experience
Tuesday, 29 March 2016   by health.usnews.com    
  News & More:
How safe is 7T MRI for patients with neurosurgical implants?
Thursday, 17 November 2022   by healthimaging.com    
CT contrast reaction raises MRI contrast risk
Tuesday, 22 February 2022   by www.sciencedaily.com    
CSU study explores MRI distress and patient experience
Thursday, 7 May 2020   by www.portnews.com.au    
Noise from Magnetic Resonance Imaging Can Have Short-Term Impact on Hearing
Thursday, 22 February 2018   by www.diagnosticimaging.com    
Women with permanent make-up tattoos suffer horrific facial burns after going in for MRI scans - which create an electric current in the ink
Monday, 4 July 2016   by www.dailymail.co.uk    
FDA Dials in on MRI Safety of Passive Implantable Medical Devices
Wednesday, 24 June 2015   by www.raps.org    
MRI Resources 
MRI Physics - Directories - Education pool - Safety Training - Intraoperative MRI - MRA
 
Balanced SequenceForum -
related threadsInfoSheet: - Sequences - 
Intro, 
Overview, 
Types of, 
etc.
 
This family of sequences uses a balanced gradient waveform. This waveform will act on any stationary spin on resonance between 2 consecutive RF pulses and return it to the same phase it had before the gradients were applied. A balanced sequence starts out with a RF pulse of 90° or less and the spins in the steady state. Prior to the next TR in the slice encoding, the phase encoding and the frequency encoding direction, gradients are balanced so their net value is zero. Now the spins are prepared to accept the next RF pulse, and their corresponding signal can become part of the new transverse magnetization. If the balanced gradients maintain the longitudinal and transverse magnetization, the result is that both T1 and T2 contrast are represented in the image.
This pulse sequence produces images with increased signal from fluid (like T2 weighted sequences), along with retaining T1 weighted tissue contrast. Balanced sequences are particularly useful in cardiac MRI. Because this form of sequence is extremely dependent on field homogeneity, it is essential to run a shimming prior the acquisition.
Usually the gray and white matter contrast is poor, making this type of sequence unsuited for brain MRI. Modifications like ramping up and down the flip angles can increase signal to noise ratio and contrast of brain tissues (suggested under the name COSMIC - Coherent Oscillatory State acquisition for the Manipulation of Image Contrast).
These sequences include e.g. Balanced Fast Field Echo (bFFE), Balanced Turbo Field Echo (bTFE), Fast Imaging with Steady Precession (TrueFISP, sometimes short TRUFI), Completely Balanced Steady State (CBASS) and Balanced SARGE (BASG).
 
Images, Movies, Sliders:
 Cardiac Infarct Short Axis Cine Overview  Open this link in a new window
    

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman
 Infarct 4 Chamber Cine  Open this link in a new window
    

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman
 
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• View the DATABASE results for 'Balanced Sequence' (5).Open this link in a new window

 
Further Reading:
  News & More:
Generic Eddy Current Compensation for Rapid Magnetic Resonance Imaging(.pdf)
   by www.switt.ch    
Magnetic resonance imaging guided musculoskeletal interventions at 0.23T: Chapter 4. Materials and methods
2002
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