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Diffusion Tensor ImagingInfoSheet: - Sequences - 
Intro, 
Overview, 
Types of, 
etc.MRI Resource Directory:
 - Diffusion Weighted Imaging -
 
(DTI) Diffusion tensor imaging is the more sophisticated form of DWI, which allows for the determination of directionality as well as the magnitude of water diffusion. This kind of MR imaging can estimates damage to nerve fibers that connect the area of the brain affected by the stroke to brain regions that are distant from it, and can be used to determine the effectiveness of stroke prevention medications.
DTI (FiberTrak) enables to visualize white matter fibers in the brain and can map (trace image) subtle changes in the white matter associated with diseases such as multiple sclerosis and epilepsy, as well as assessing diseases where the brain's wiring is abnormal, such as schizophrenia.
The fractional anisotropy (FA) gives information about the shape of the diffusion tensor at each voxel. The FA is based on the normalized variance of the eigenvalues. The fractional anisotropy reflects differences between an isotropic diffusion and a linear diffusion. The FA range is between 0 and 1 (0 = isotropic diffusion, 1 = highly directional).
The development of new imaging methods and some useful analysis techniques, such as 3-dimensional anisotropy contrast (3DAC) and spatial tracking of the diffusion tensor tractography (DTT), are currently under study.
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• Related Searches:
    • Apparent Diffusion Coefficient
    • Nerve Conductivity
    • High Field MRI
    • B-Value
    • Eigenvalues
 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
EVALUATION OF HUMAN STROKE BY MR IMAGING
2000
  News & More:
What MRI-Derived Data and Other Factors Reveal About White Matter Hyperintensity in Former Football Players
Saturday, 23 December 2023   by www.diagnosticimaging.com    
Effect of gadolinium-based contrast agent on breast diffusion-tensor imaging
Thursday, 6 August 2020   by www.eurekalert.org    
Learning difficulties linked to poor brain connectivity
Monday, 2 March 2020   by cosmosmagazine.com    
New imaging technique reveals early brain damage caused by hypertension
Friday, 18 September 2015   by www.medicalnewstoday.com    
Imaging shows structural changes in mild traumatic brain injury
Thursday, 25 October 2007   by www.eurekalert.org    
MRI Resources 
Health - Lung Imaging - Musculoskeletal and Joint MRI - Corporations - Case Studies - MRCP
 
Diffusion Tensor TractographyInfoSheet: - Sequences - 
Intro, 
Overview, 
Types of, 
etc.MRI Resource Directory:
 - Diffusion Weighted Imaging -
 
(DTT) This technique has been reported on during the last few years and is the most intriguing demonstration that allows for the noninvasive racking of neuronal fiber projections in a living human brain. White matter fiber trajectories are reconstructed throughout the brain by tracking the direction of fastest diffusion, which is assumed to correspond to the longitudinal axis of the tract. Diffusion tensor tractography should provide new insights into white matter integrity, fiber connectivity, surgical planning, and patients prognosis.

See also B-Value.
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• View the DATABASE results for 'Diffusion Tensor Tractography' (4).Open this link in a new window

 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
Diffusion Tensor MRI for Assessing MS
Tuesday, 17 August 2004   by www.hospimedica.com    
  News & More:
New MRI Study Identifies Signature White Matter Connectivity Patterns in People with Autism
Wednesday, 16 November 2022   by www.diagnosticimaging.com    
Advances in medical imaging enable visualization of white matter tracts in fetuses
Wednesday, 12 May 2021   by www.eurekalert.or    
HSS Researchers Launch Study Using Novel MRI Techniques to Find a Biomarker for Parsonage-Turner Syndrome, A Nerve Disorder
Monday, 21 September 2020   by www.newswise.com    
MRI Technique Reveals Brain Connection Breakdown Specific to Alzheimer's Disease
Wednesday, 10 December 2014   by alzheimersnewstoday.com    
Cutting Edge Imaging of THE Spine
February 2007   by www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov    
Diffusion Tensor MRI Shows ADHD Abnormalities
Friday, 17 December 2004   by www.hospimedica.com    
MRI Resources 
Anatomy - Spectroscopy pool - MRA - MRI Technician and Technologist Schools - Education pool - Mobile MRI Rental
 
Apparent Diffusion CoefficientInfoSheet: - Artifacts - 
Case Studies, 
Reduction Index, 
etc.MRI Resource Directory:
 - Diffusion Weighted Imaging -
 
(ADC) A diffusion coefficient to differentiate T2 shine through effects or artifacts from real ischemic lesions. In the human brain, water diffusion is a three-dimensional process that is not truly random because the diffusional motion of water is impeded by natural barriers. These barriers are cell membranes, myelin sheaths, white matter fiber tracts, and protein molecules.
The apparent water diffusion coefficients can be calculated by acquiring two or more images with a different gradient duration and amplitude (b-values). The contrast in the ADC map depends on the spatially distributed diffusion coefficient of the acquired tissues and does not contain T1 and T2* values.
The increased sensitivity of diffusion-weighted MRI in detecting acute ischemia is thought to be the result of the water shift intracellularly restricting motion of water protons (cytotoxic edema), whereas the conventional T2 weighted images show signal alteration mostly as a result of vasogenic edema.
The reduced ADC value also could be the result of decreased temperature in the nonperfused tissues, loss of brain pulsations leading to a decrease in apparent proton motion, increased tissue osmolality associated with ischemia, or a combination of these factors. The lower ADC measurements seen with early ischemia, have not been fully established, however, a lower apparent ADC is a sensitive indicator of early ischemic brain at a stage when ischemic tissue remains potentially salvageable.

See also Diffusion Weighted Imaging and Diffusion Tensor Tractography.
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• View the DATABASE results for 'Apparent Diffusion Coefficient' (4).Open this link in a new window

 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
Implementation of Dual-Source RF Excitation in 3 T MR-Scanners Allows for Nearly Identical ADC Values Compared to 1.5 T MR Scanners in the Abdomen
Wednesday, 29 February 2012   by www.plosone.org    
EVALUATION OF HUMAN STROKE BY MR IMAGING
2000
  News & More:
The utility of texture analysis of kidney MRI for evaluating renal dysfunction with multiclass classification model
Tuesday, 30 August 2022   by www.nature.com    
Diffusion-weighted MRI in Advanced Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Apparent Diffusion Coefficient as a Response Marker
Tuesday, 1 October 2019   by pubs.rsna.org    
EORTC study aims to qualify ADC as predictive imaging biomarker in preoperative regimens
Monday, 4 January 2016   by www.eurekalert.org    
Novel MRI Technique Could Reduce Breast Biopsies, University of Washington Study
Tuesday, 2 October 2012   by www.eurekalert.org    
Hopkins researchers use diffusion MRI technique to monitor ultrasound uterine fibroid treatment
Monday, 8 August 2005   by www.eurekalert.org    
Searchterm 'White Matter' was also found in the following services: 
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Balanced SequenceForum -
related threadsInfoSheet: - Sequences - 
Intro, 
Overview, 
Types of, 
etc.
 
This family of sequences uses a balanced gradient waveform. This waveform will act on any stationary spin on resonance between 2 consecutive RF pulses and return it to the same phase it had before the gradients were applied. A balanced sequence starts out with a RF pulse of 90° or less and the spins in the steady state. Prior to the next TR in the slice encoding, the phase encoding and the frequency encoding direction, gradients are balanced so their net value is zero. Now the spins are prepared to accept the next RF pulse, and their corresponding signal can become part of the new transverse magnetization. If the balanced gradients maintain the longitudinal and transverse magnetization, the result is that both T1 and T2 contrast are represented in the image.
This pulse sequence produces images with increased signal from fluid (like T2 weighted sequences), along with retaining T1 weighted tissue contrast. Balanced sequences are particularly useful in cardiac MRI. Because this form of sequence is extremely dependent on field homogeneity, it is essential to run a shimming prior the acquisition.
Usually the gray and white matter contrast is poor, making this type of sequence unsuited for brain MRI. Modifications like ramping up and down the flip angles can increase signal to noise ratio and contrast of brain tissues (suggested under the name COSMIC - Coherent Oscillatory State acquisition for the Manipulation of Image Contrast).
These sequences include e.g. Balanced Fast Field Echo (bFFE), Balanced Turbo Field Echo (bTFE), Fast Imaging with Steady Precession (TrueFISP, sometimes short TRUFI), Completely Balanced Steady State (CBASS) and Balanced SARGE (BASG).
 
Images, Movies, Sliders:
 Cardiac Infarct Short Axis Cine Overview  Open this link in a new window
    

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman
 Infarct 4 Chamber Cine  Open this link in a new window
    

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman
 
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• View the DATABASE results for 'Balanced Sequence' (5).Open this link in a new window

 
Further Reading:
  News & More:
Generic Eddy Current Compensation for Rapid Magnetic Resonance Imaging(.pdf)
   by www.switt.ch    
Magnetic resonance imaging guided musculoskeletal interventions at 0.23T: Chapter 4. Materials and methods
2002
MRI Resources 
MRCP - Online Books - Stimulator pool - Spine MRI - Directories -
 
Signal to Noise Ratio
 
(SNR or S/N) The signal to noise ratio is used in MRI to describe the relative contributions to a detected signal of the true signal and random superimposed signals ('background noise') - a criterion for image quality.
One common method to increase the SNR is to average several measurements of the signal, on the expectation that random contributions will tend to cancel out. The SNR can also be improved by sampling larger volumes (increasing the field of view and slice thickness with a corresponding loss of spatial resolution) or, within limits, by increasing the strength of the magnetic field used. Surface coils can also be used to improve local signal intensity. The SNR will depend, in part, on the electrical properties of the sample or patient being studied. The SNR increases in proportion to voxel volume (1/resolution), the square root of the number of acquisitions (NEX), and the square root of the number of scans (phase encodings). SNR decreases with the field of view squared (FOV2) and wider bandwidths. See also Signal Intensity and Spin Density.

Measuring SNR:
Record the mean value of a small ROI placed in the most homogeneous area of tissue with high signal intensity (e.g. white matter in thalamus). Calculate the standard deviation for the largest possible ROI placed outside the object in the image background (avoid ghosting/aliasing or eye movement artifact regions).
The SNR is then:
Mean Signal/Standard Deviation of Background Noise
 
Images, Movies, Sliders:
 Brain MRI Images T1  Open this link in a new window
      

 
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• View the DATABASE results for 'Signal to Noise Ratio' (48).Open this link in a new window


• View the NEWS results for 'Signal to Noise Ratio' (2).Open this link in a new window.
 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
Musculoskeletal MRI at 3.0 T: Relaxation Times and Image Contrast
Sunday, 1 August 2004   by www.ajronline.org    
  News & More:
Picture-Perfect Particles Enhance MRI Signal
Friday, 13 April 2012   by cen.acs.org    
Researchers design 'intelligent' metamaterial to make MRIs affordable and accessible
Tuesday, 5 November 2019   by phys.org    
Metamaterials boost sensitivity of MRI machines
Thursday, 14 January 2016   by www.eurekalert.org    
Optimizing Musculoskeletal MR
   by rad.usuhs.mil    
MRI Resources 
Universities - Mobile MRI - Spine MRI - Shoulder MRI - Crystallography - Quality Advice
 
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