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 'Turbo Spin Echo Turbo Factor' 
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Turbo Spin Echo Turbo Factor
 
(TSE TF) The turbo factor is the number of echoes acquired after each excitation. This is a measure of the scan time acceleration, e.g. at turbo factor 3 the scan time is 3 times faster as a SE sequence with comparable parameters. In combination with profile order and effective echo time the TSE turbo factor controls the echo spacing.

See also Scan Time and Echo Spacing.
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Comparison of Fast Spin-Echo Versus Conventional Spin-Echo MRI forEvaluating Meniscal Tears
June 2005   by www.ajronline.org    
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Echo Train
 
A series of 180° RF rephasing pulses and their corresponding echoes for a fast or turbo spin echo pulse sequence.

See Fast Spin Echo and Turbo Spin Echo Turbo Factor.
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Further Reading:
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RARE
Monday, 3 December 2012   by www2.warwick.ac.uk    
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Fast Spin EchoForum -
related threadsInfoSheet: - Sequences - 
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Fast Spin Echo Diagram (FSE) In the pulse sequence timing diagram, a fast spin echo sequence with an echo train length of 3 is illustrated. This sequence is characterized by a series of rapidly applied 180° rephasing pulses and multiple echoes, changing the phase encoding gradient for each echo.
The echo time TE may vary from echo to echo in the echo train. The echoes in the center of the K-space (in the case of linear k-space acquisition) mainly produce the type of image contrast, whereas the periphery of K-space determines the spatial resolution. For example, in the middle of K-space the late echoes of T2 weighted images are encoded. T1 or PD contrast is produced from the early echoes.
The benefit of this technique is that the scan duration with, e.g. a turbo spin echo turbo factor / echo train length of 9, is one ninth of the time. In T1 weighted and proton density weighted sequences, there is a limit to how large the ETL can be (e.g. a usual ETL for T1 weighted images is between 3 and 7). The use of large echo train lengths with short TE results in blurring and loss of contrast. For this reason, T2 weighted imaging profits most from this technique.
In T2 weighted FSE images, both water and fat are hyperintense. This is because the succession of 180° RF pulses reduces the spin spin interactions in fat and increases its T2 decay time. Fast spin echo (FSE) sequences have replaced conventional T2 weighted spin echo sequences for most clinical applications. Fast spin echo allows reduced acquisition times and enables T2 weighted breath hold imaging, e.g. for applications in the upper abdomen.
In case of the acquisition of 2 echoes this type of a sequence is named double fast spin echo / dual echo sequence, the first echo is usually density and the second echo is T2 weighted image. Fast spin echo images are more T2 weighted, which makes it difficult to obtain true proton density weighted images. For dual echo imaging with density weighting, the TR should be kept between 2000 - 2400 msec with a short ETL (e.g., 4).
Other terms for this technique are:
Turbo Spin Echo
Rapid Imaging Spin Echo,
Rapid Spin Echo,
Rapid Acquisition Spin Echo,
Rapid Acquisition with Refocused Echoes
 
Images, Movies, Sliders:
 Lumbar Spine T2 FSE Sagittal  Open this link in a new window
    

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman
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 Lumbar Spine T2 FSE Axial  Open this link in a new window
    

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman
 
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• View the DATABASE results for 'Fast Spin Echo' (31).Open this link in a new window

 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
MYELIN-SELECTIVE MRI: PULSE SEQUENCE DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION
   by www.imaging.robarts.ca    
Advances in Magnetic Resonance Neuroimaging
Friday, 27 February 2009   by www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov    
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New MR sequence helps radiologists more accurately evaluate abnormalities of the uterus and ovaries
Thursday, 23 April 2009   by www.eurekalert.org    
Spin echoes, CPMG and T2 relaxation - Introductory NMR & MRI from Magritek
2013   by www.azom.com    
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Number of EchoesInfoSheet: - Sequences - 
Intro, 
Overview, 
Types of, 
etc.
 
The number of series of 180° RF rephasing pulses and their corresponding echoes for a fast or turbo spin echo pulse sequence is named echo train length (ETL) or turbo spin echo turbo factor (TSE TF).
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Scan TimeForum -
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(SCT) The total scan time is the time required to collect all data needed to generate the programmed images. The scan time is related to the used pulse sequence and dependent on the assemble of parameters like e.g., repetition time (TR), Matrix, number of signal averages (NSA), TSE- or EPI factor and flip angle.
For example, the total scan time for a standard spin echo or gradient echo sequence is number of repetitions x the scan time per repetition (means the product of repetition time (TR), number of phase encoding steps, and NSA).

See also Number of Excitations, Turbo Spin Echo Turbo Factor, Echo Planar Imaging Factor, Flip Angle and Image Acquisition Time.

See also acronyms for 'scan time parameters' from different manufacturers.
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• View the NEWS results for 'Scan Time' (10).Open this link in a new window.
 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
Musculoskeletal MRI at 3.0 T: Relaxation Times and Image Contrast
Sunday, 1 August 2004   by www.ajronline.org    
  News & More:
For MRI, time is of the essence A new generation of contrast agents could make for faster and more accurate imaging
Tuesday, 28 June 2011   by scienceline.org    
Clinical evaluation of a speed optimized T2 weighted fast spin echo sequence at 3.0 T using variable flip angle refocusing, half-Fourier acquisition and parallel imaging
Wednesday, 25 October 2006
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