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 'Turbo Gradient Spin Echo' 
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Turbo Gradient Spin EchoInfoSheet: - Sequences - 
Intro, 
Overview, 
Types of, 
etc.MRI Resource Directory:
 - Sequences -
 
(TGSE / TurboGSE) A sequence with a combination of Gradient and Spin Echo Imaging. Additional gradient echoes are generated before and after each spin echo. The spin echoes are allocated to the center of the raw data matrix to give pure T2 contrast. The gradient echoes primarily determine the image resolution. If multiple image lines are obtained during a single echo, the imaging pulse sequence type is a TGSE pulse sequence. This sequence is very fast, fat is darker and more sensitive to susceptibility effects. Also called GRASE.
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Fast Spin EchoForum -
related threadsInfoSheet: - Sequences - 
Intro, 
Overview, 
Types of, 
etc.
 
Fast Spin Echo Diagram (FSE) In the pulse sequence timing diagram, a fast spin echo sequence with an echo train length of 3 is illustrated. This sequence is characterized by a series of rapidly applied 180° rephasing pulses and multiple echoes, changing the phase encoding gradient for each echo.
The echo time TE may vary from echo to echo in the echo train. The echoes in the center of the K-space (in the case of linear k-space acquisition) mainly produce the type of image contrast, whereas the periphery of K-space determines the spatial resolution. For example, in the middle of K-space the late echoes of T2 weighted images are encoded. T1 or PD contrast is produced from the early echoes.
The benefit of this technique is that the scan duration with, e.g. a turbo spin echo turbo factor / echo train length of 9, is one ninth of the time. In T1 weighted and proton density weighted sequences, there is a limit to how large the ETL can be (e.g. a usual ETL for T1 weighted images is between 3 and 7). The use of large echo train lengths with short TE results in blurring and loss of contrast. For this reason, T2 weighted imaging profits most from this technique.
In T2 weighted FSE images, both water and fat are hyperintense. This is because the succession of 180° RF pulses reduces the spin spin interactions in fat and increases its T2 decay time. Fast spin echo (FSE) sequences have replaced conventional T2 weighted spin echo sequences for most clinical applications. Fast spin echo allows reduced acquisition times and enables T2 weighted breath hold imaging, e.g. for applications in the upper abdomen.
In case of the acquisition of 2 echoes this type of a sequence is named double fast spin echo / dual echo sequence, the first echo is usually density and the second echo is T2 weighted image. Fast spin echo images are more T2 weighted, which makes it difficult to obtain true proton density weighted images. For dual echo imaging with density weighting, the TR should be kept between 2000 - 2400 msec with a short ETL (e.g., 4).
Other terms for this technique are:
Turbo Spin Echo
Rapid Imaging Spin Echo,
Rapid Spin Echo,
Rapid Acquisition Spin Echo,
Rapid Acquisition with Refocused Echoes
 
Images, Movies, Sliders:
 Lumbar Spine T2 FSE Sagittal  Open this link in a new window
    

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman
 MRI - Anatomic Imaging of the Foot  Open this link in a new window
    
SlidersSliders Overview

 Lumbar Spine T2 FSE Axial  Open this link in a new window
    

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman
 
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• View the DATABASE results for 'Fast Spin Echo' (31).Open this link in a new window

 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
MYELIN-SELECTIVE MRI: PULSE SEQUENCE DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION
   by www.imaging.robarts.ca    
Advances in Magnetic Resonance Neuroimaging
Friday, 27 February 2009   by www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov    
  News & More:
New MR sequence helps radiologists more accurately evaluate abnormalities of the uterus and ovaries
Thursday, 23 April 2009   by www.eurekalert.org    
Spin echoes, CPMG and T2 relaxation - Introductory NMR & MRI from Magritek
2013   by www.azom.com    
MRI Resources 
Collections - Spectroscopy pool - Image Quality - Used and Refurbished MRI Equipment - NMR - Stent
 
CHORUS 1.5T™InfoSheet: - Devices -
Intro, 
Types of Magnets, 
Overview, 
etc.MRI Resource Directory:
 - Devices -
 
www.isoltech.co.kr/english/product/default.htm 'Next generation MRI system 1.5T CHORUS developed by ISOL Technology is optimized for both clinical diagnostic imaging and for research development.
CHORUS offers the complete range of feature oriented advanced imaging techniques- for both clinical routine and research. The compact short bore magnet, the patient friendly design and the gradient technology make the innovation to new degree of perfection in magnetic resonance.'
Device Information and Specification
CLINICAL APPLICATION
Whole body
CONFIGURATION
Short bore
Head, C-spine, L-spine, TMJ, Knee, Shoulder, General purpose, Phased Array System: 4 digital receiver channels (Up to 12 channels)
Optional
SYNCHRONIZATION
ECG/peripheral: Optional/yes, respiratory gating
PULSE SEQUENCES
Spin Echo, Gradient Echo, Fast Spin Echo, Inversion Recovery (STIR, Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery), FLASH, FISP, PSIF, Turbo Flash ( MPRAGE ),TOF MR Angiography, Standard echo planar imaging package (SE-EPI, GE-EPI), Optional: Advanced P.A. Imaging Package (up to 4 ch.), Advanced echo planar imaging package, Single Shot and Diffusion Weighted EPI, IR/FLAIR EPI
IMAGING MODES
2D/3D, Travelling Sat, Multi-Slab 3D, MTC and TONE Pulse Sequence, Fat/Water Suppression, Presaturation (up to 6 bands), Flow Compensation using GMR pulse, Multi-Slice, Multi-Group Imaging
SINGLE/MULTI SLICE
Image reconstruction time (2562 ) : 0.02 s
FOV
40 cm
BORE DIAMETER
or W x H
58 cm diameter (patient)
MAGNET WEIGHT
4050 kg
H*W*D
233 x 206 x 160 cm
COOLING SYSTEM TYPE
Water-cooled coil and air-cooled amplifier
CRYOGEN USE
0.07 L/hr helium
STRENGTH
20 mT/m (Upto 27 mT/m)
5-GAUSS FRINGE FIELD
2.5 m / 3.8 m
Passive and active
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• View the DATABASE results for 'CHORUS 1.5T™' (2).Open this link in a new window

MRI Resources 
Pediatric and Fetal MRI - Online Books - MRI Technician and Technologist Schools - Brain MRI - Functional MRI - Pathology
 
ENCORE 0.5T™InfoSheet: - Devices -
Intro, 
Types of Magnets, 
Overview, 
etc.MRI Resource Directory:
 - Devices -
 
www.isoltech.co.kr/english/product/05t.htm 'MRI system is not an expensive equipment anymore. ENCORE developed by ISOL Technology is a low cost MRI system with the advantages like of the 1.0T MRI scanner. Developed specially for the overseas market, the ENCORE is gaining popularity in the domestic market by medium sized hospitals.
Due to the optimum RF and Gradient application technology. ENCORE enables to obtain high resolution imaging and 2D/3D Angio images which was only possible in high field MR systems.'
- Less consumption of the helium gas due to the ultra-lightweight magnet specially designed and manufactured for ISOL. - Cost efficiency MR system due to air cooling type (equivalent to permanent magnetic). - Patient processing speed of less than 20 minutes.'
Device Information and Specification
CLINICAL APPLICATION
Whole body
CONFIGURATION
Short bore compact
Head, C-spine, L-spine, TMJ, Knee, Shoulder, General purpose, Phased Array System: 4 digital receiver channels (Up to 12 channels)
SYNCHRONIZATION
ECG/peripheral: Optional/yes, respiratory gating
SINGLE/MULTI SLICE
Image reconstruction time (2562 ) : 0.02 s
FOV
40 cm
BORE DIAMETER
or W x H
58 cm diameter
MAGNET WEIGHT
3200 kg
H*W*D
200 x 168 x 187 cm
COOLING SYSTEM TYPE
Air-cooled coil and amplifier
CRYOGEN USE
0.05 L/hr helium
STRENGTH
15 mT/m
5-GAUSS FRINGE FIELD
2.3 m / 3.1 m
Passive and active
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• View the DATABASE results for 'ENCORE 0.5T™' (2).Open this link in a new window

MRI Resources 
Education pool - Patient Information - Non-English - Shoulder MRI - Claustrophobia - Databases
 
Lung ImagingMRI Resource Directory:
 - Lung Imaging -
 
Lung imaging is furthermore a challenge in MRI because of the predominance of air within the lungs and associated susceptibility issues as well as low signal to noise of the inflated lung parenchyma. Cardiac and respiratory triggered or breath hold sequences allow diagnostic imaging, however a comparable image quality with computed tomography is still difficult to achieve.
Assumptions for lung MRI:
Low signal to noise ratio of the inherently low lung proton density.
Cardiac and respiratory motion artifacts.
Magnetic susceptibility effects of large magnetic field gradients.
Very short transverse relaxation times and significant diffusion yielding short T2 (30-70 msec), short T2* (1-3 msec), and additional long T1 relaxation times (1300-1500 msec).
The extreme short T2 values are responsible for a fast signal decay during a single shot readout, resulting in blurring.

The current trends in MRI are the use of new imaging technologies and increasingly powerful magnetic fields. Among these technologies are parallel imaging techniques as well as ventilation agents like hyperpolarized helium for the use as an inert inhalational contrast agent to study lung ventilation properties. With hyperpolarized gases clear images of the lungs can be obtained without using a large magnetic field (see also back projection imaging). Single shot sequences (e.g. TSE or Half Fourier Acquisition Single Shot Turbo Spin Echo HASTE) used in lung MR imaging benefits from parallel imaging techniques due to reduced relaxation time effects during the echo train and therefore reduced image blurring as well as reduced motion artifacts.
In the future, more effective contrast agents may provide an alternative solution to the need for high field MRI. Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI perfusion has demonstrated a potential in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism or to characterize lung cancer and mediastinal tumors. 3D contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography of the thoracic vessel.

See also the related poll result: 'MRI will have replaced 50% of x-ray exams by'
 
Images, Movies, Sliders:
 Anatomic Imaging of the Lungs  Open this link in a new window
      

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman
 Normal Lung Gd Perfusion MRI  Open this link in a new window
      

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman

 MRI Thorax Basal Plane  Open this link in a new window
 
Radiology-tip.comradLung Scintigraphy
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• View the DATABASE results for 'Lung Imaging' (7).Open this link in a new window


• View the NEWS results for 'Lung Imaging' (3).Open this link in a new window.
 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
A safer approach for diagnostic medical imaging
Monday, 29 September 2014   by www.eurekalert.org    
Parallel Lung Imaging(.pdf)
  News & More:
Chest MRI a viable alternative to chest CT in COVID-19 pneumonia follow-up
Monday, 21 September 2020   by www.healthimaging.com    
CT Imaging Features of 2019 Novel Corona virus (2019-nCoV)
Tuesday, 4 February 2020   by pubs.rsna.org    
Polarean Imaging Phase III Trial Results Point to Potential Improvements in Lung Imaging
Wednesday, 29 January 2020   by www.diagnosticimaging.com    
Low Power MRI Helps Image Lungs, Brings Costs Down
Thursday, 10 October 2019   by www.medgadget.com    
Chest MRI Using Multivane-XD, a Novel T2-Weighted Free Breathing MR Sequence
Thursday, 11 July 2019   by www.sciencedirect.co    
Researchers Review Importance of Non-Invasive Imaging in Diagnosis and Management of PAH
Wednesday, 11 March 2015   by lungdiseasenews.com    
New MRI Approach Reveals Bronchiectasis' Key Features Within the Lung
Thursday, 13 November 2014   by lungdiseasenews.com    
MRI techniques improve pulmonary embolism detection
Monday, 19 March 2012   by medicalxpress.com    
  News & More:
Partnership with VIDA to streamline adoption of advanced MRI of the lungs
Monday, 11 September 2023   by www.itnonline.com    
MRI Resources 
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