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Fast Relaxation Fast Spin EchoInfoSheet: - Sequences - 
Intro, 
Overview, 
Types of, 
etc.
 
(FRFSE, FR-FSE) The fast relaxation fast spin echo sequence provides high signal intensity of fluids even with short repetition times, and can be used with parallel imaging techniques for short breath hold imaging or respiratory gating for free-breathing, high isotropic resolution MR imaging. After signal decay at the end of the echo train, a negative 90° pulse align spins with long T2 from the transverse plane to the longitudinal plane, leading to a much faster recovery of tissues with long T2 time to the equilibrium and thus better contrast between tissues with long and short T2.
Fast relaxation FSE has advantages also for volumetric imaging as the TR can be substantially reduced and thus the scan time. The sequence can be post processed with maximum intensity projection, surface or volume rendering algorithms to visualize anatomical details in brain or spine MRI. Cerebro spinal fluid pulsation artifacts, often problematic in the cervical or thoracic spine may be reduced by radial sampling, in particular when combined with acquisitions of the PROPELLER type.

See also Fast spin echo, Driven Equilibrium.
 
Images, Movies, Sliders:
 Shoulder Sagittal T2 FatSat FRFSE  Open this link in a new window
    

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman
 Shoulder Axial T2 FatSat FRFSE  Open this link in a new window
 Shoulder Coronal T2 FatSat FRFSE  Open this link in a new window
    

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman
 
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MRI Resources 
Shoulder MRI - Open Directory Project - Veterinary MRI - Contrast Agents - Cochlear Implant - Chemistry
 
MRI Procedure
 
The MRI device is located within a specially shielded room (Faraday cage) to avoid outside interference, caused by the use of radio waves very close in frequency to those of ordinary FM radio stations.
The MRI procedure can easily be performed through clothing and bones, but attention must be paid to ferromagnetic items, because they will be attracted from the magnetic field. A hospital gown is appropriate, or the patient should wear clothing without metal fasteners and remove any metallic objects like hairpins, jewelry, eyeglasses, clocks, hearing aids, any removable dental work, lighters, coins etc., not only for MRI safety reasons. Metal in or around the scanned area can also cause errors in the reconstructed images (artifacts). Because the strong magnetic field can displace, or disrupt metallic objects, people with an implanted active device like a cardiac pacemaker cannot be scanned under normal circumstances and should not enter the MRI area.
The MRI machine can look like a short tunnel or has an open MRI design and the magnet does not completely surround the patient. Usually the patient lies on a comfortable motorized table, which slides into the scanner, depending on the MRI device, patients may be also able to sit up. If a contrast agent is to be administered, intravenous access will be placed. A technologist will operate the MRI machine and observe the patient during the examination from an adjacent room. Several sets of images are usually required, each taking some minutes. A typical MRI scan includes three to nine imaging sequences and may take up to one hour. Improved MRI devices with powerful magnets, newer software, and advanced sequences may complete the process in less time and better image quality.
Before and after the most MRI procedures no special preparation, diet, reduced activity, and extra medication is necessary. The magnetic field and radio waves are not felt and no pain is to expect.
Movement can blur MRI images and cause certain artifacts. A possible problem is the claustrophobia that some patients experience from being inside a tunnel-like scanner. If someone is very anxious or has difficulty to lie still, a sedative agent may be given. Earplugs and/or headphones are usually given to the patient to reduce the loud acoustic noise, which the machine produces during normal operation. A technologist observes the patient during the test. Some MRI scanners are equipped with televisions and music to help the examination time pass.
MRI is not a cheap examination, however cost effective by eliminating the need for invasive radiographic procedures, biopsies, and exploratory surgery. MRI scans can also save money while minimizing patient risk and discomfort. For example, MRI can reduce the need for X-ray angiography and myelography, and can eliminate unnecessary diagnostic procedures that miss occult disease.

See also Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI, Medical Imaging, Cervical Spine MRI, Claustrophobia, MRI Risks and Pregnancy.
For Ultrasound Imaging (USI) see Ultrasound Imaging Procedures at Medical-Ultrasound-Imaging.com.

See also the related poll result: 'MRI will have replaced 50% of x-ray exams by'
 
Images, Movies, Sliders:
 Brain MRI Images Axial T2  Open this link in a new window
      

 Circle of Willis, Time of Flight, MIP  Open this link in a new window
    
SlidersSliders Overview

 CE-MRA of the Carotid Arteries  Open this link in a new window
    
SlidersSliders Overview

 Breast MRI Images T2 And T1 Pre - Post Contrast  Open this link in a new window
 Sagittal Knee MRI Images T1 Weighted  Open this link in a new window
      

 
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• View the DATABASE results for 'MRI Procedure' (11).Open this link in a new window


• View the NEWS results for 'MRI Procedure' (6).Open this link in a new window.
 
Further Reading:
  News & More:
MRI technology visualizes heart metabolism in real time
Friday, 18 November 2022   by medicalxpress.com    
Are synthetic contrast-enhanced breast MRI images as good as the real thing?
Friday, 18 November 2022   by healthimaging.com    
Ultrafast MRI protocol reduces scan time by 10 minutes for cervical imaging
Monday, 26 September 2022   by healthimaging.com    
Study: Fast MRI can diagnose TBI without radiation
Wednesday, 18 September 2019   by www.aappublications.org    
Metamaterials boost sensitivity of MRI machines
Thursday, 14 January 2016   by www.eurekalert.org    
Working with MRI machines may cause vertigo: Study
Wednesday, 25 June 2014   by www.cos-mag.com    
MRI Resources 
MRI Technician and Technologist Career - Anatomy - Spectroscopy pool - Safety Products - General - Resources
 
MRI Scan
 
The definition of a scan is to form an image or an electronic representation. The MRI scan uses magnetic resonance principles to produce extremely detailed pictures of the body tissue without the need for X-ray exposure or other damaging forms of radiation.
MRI scans show structures of the different tissues in the body. The tissue that has the least hydrogen atoms (e.g., bones) appears dark, while the tissue with many hydrogen atoms (e.g., fat) looks bright. The MRI pictures of the brain show details and abnormal structures (brain MRI), for example, tumors, multiple sclerosis lesions, bleedings, or brain tissue that has suffered lack of oxygen after a stroke. A cardiac MRI scan demonstrates the heart as well as blood vessels (cardiovascular imaging) and is used to detect heart defects with e.g., changes in the thickness and infarctions of the muscles around the heart. With MRI scans, nearly all kind of body parts can be tested, for example the joints like knee and shoulder, lumbar, thoracic and cervical spine, the pelvis including fetal MRI, and the soft parts of the body such as the liver, kidneys, and spleen. The MRI procedure includes three to nine imaging sequences and may take up to one hour.

See also Lumbar Spine MRI, MRI Safety and Open MRI.
 
Images, Movies, Sliders:
 Angulation of Cardiac Planes Cine Images of Septal Infarct  Open this link in a new window
      

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman

 Normal Fetus  Open this link in a new window
    

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman
 MRI - Anatomic Imaging of the Ankle 1  Open this link in a new window
    
SlidersSliders Overview

 Anatomic Imaging of the Orbita  Open this link in a new window
      

 
Radiology-tip.comradDiagnostic Imaging,  Computed Tomography
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Medical-Ultrasound-Imaging.comUltrasound Imaging,  Sonography
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• View the DATABASE results for 'MRI Scan' (31).Open this link in a new window


• View the NEWS results for 'MRI Scan' (95).Open this link in a new window.
 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
Bringing More Value to Imaging Departments With MRI
Friday, 4 October 2019   by www.itnonline.com    
  News & More:
A Knee MRI in Half the Time? It's Possible
Thursday, 8 April 2021   by www.diagnosticimaging.com    
Michigan radiologist warns about 'incidental findings' in full body MRI scans
Wednesday, 4 October 2023   by www.wilx.com    
ACCELERATING MRI SCANS WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Friday, 28 August 2020   by www.analyticsinsight.net    
Radiographer's Lego Open MRI Product Idea Reaches New Milestone
Monday, 11 November 2019   by www.itnonline.com    
Why we need erasable MRI scans
Wednesday, 25 April 2018   by phys.org    
MRI as accurate as CT for Crohn's disease detection, management
Tuesday, 6 June 2017   by www.healthimaging.com    
MRI scans predict patients' ability to fight the spread of cancer
Tuesday, 12 December 2017   by eurekalert.org    
Audio/Video System helps patients relax during MRI scans
Monday, 8 December 2014   by news.thomasnet.com    
MRI scans could be a 'game-changer' in prostate cancer testing
Tuesday, 5 August 2014   by www.abc.net.au    
7-Tesla MRI scanner allows even more accurate diagnosis of breast cancer
Thursday, 6 March 2014   by www.healthcanal.com    
Searchterm 'Spine MRI' was also found in the following services: 
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News  (17)  Resources  (7)  Forum  (4)  
 
MultiHance®InfoSheet: - Contrast Agents - 
Intro, Overview, 
Characteristics, 
Types of, 
etc.MRI Resource Directory:
 - Contrast Agents -
 
MultiHance® is a paramagnetic contrast agent for use in diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the liver and central nervous system. MultiHance® is a small molecular weight chelate, which tightly binds the Gd atom. The substance is excreted partly by the kidneys, partly by the biliary system, which is especially unique.
MultiHance® is indicated, for the detection of focal liver lesions in patients with known or suspected primary liver cancer (e.g. hepatocellular carcinoma) or metastatic disease.
MultiHance® is also indicated in brain MRI and spine MRI where it improves the detection of lesions and provides diagnostic information additional to that obtained with unenhanced MRI.
Gd-BOPTA-enhanced MRA can provide superior vascular signal intensity and SNR, as compared with Gd-DTPA, due to its higher relaxivity, even at lower doses.
1 ml of solution MultiHance® contains: (0.5M) gadobenate dimeglumine 529 mg = gadobenic acid 334 mg + meglumine 195 mg. Viscosity at 37°C: 5.3 mPa

WARNING: NEPHROGENIC SYSTEMIC FIBROSIS Gadolinium-based contrast agents increase the risk for nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) in patients with acute or chronic severe renal insufficiency (glomerular filtration rate less than 30 mL/min/1.73m2), or acute renal insufficiency of any severity due to the hepato-renal syndrome or in the perioperative liver transplantation period.
Drug Information and Specification
NAME OF COMPOUND
Gadobenate dimeglumine, Gd-BOPTA, E7155
DEVELOPER
CENTRAL MOIETY
Gd2+
CONTRAST EFFECT
T1, predominantly positive enhancement
r1=9.7, r2=12.5, B0=0.5 T
PHARMACOKINETIC
Extracellular, hepatobiliary
1970 mosm/kg
CONCENTRATION
334 mg/ml
DOSAGE
0.05 mmol/kg for Liver MRI
0.1 mmol/kg for CNS MRI
PREPARATION
Solution for injection
INDICATION
CNS, Liver MRI
DEVELOPMENT STAGE
For sale
DISTRIBUTOR
See below
PRESENTATION
Vials of 5, 10, 15 and 20 mL, 50 and 100 mL Multipacks (Pharmacy Bulk Package)
DO NOT RELY ON THE INFORMATION PROVIDED HERE, THEY ARE
NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR THE ACCOMPANYING PACKAGE INSERT!
Distribution Information
TERRITORY
TRADE NAME
DEVELOPMENT
STAGE
DISTRIBUTOR
EU
MultiHance®
for sale
USA
MultiHance®
for sale
Australia
MultiHance®
for sale
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• View the DATABASE results for 'MultiHance®' (9).Open this link in a new window


• View the NEWS results for 'MultiHance®' (1).Open this link in a new window.
 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
Important Drug Warning for Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents
Wednesday, 12 September 2007   by www.ismrm.org    
MultiHance Package Insert(.pdf)
   by www.fda.gov    
  News & More:
FDA Expands Pediatric Age Range for MultiHance Contrast Agent
Tuesday, 30 January 2018   by www.empr.com    
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF FOCAL LIVER LESIONS(.pdf)
2002
BRACCO DIAGNOSTICS' MULTIHANCE EARNS FDA APPROVAL
Wednesday, 24 November 2004   by salesandmarketingnetwork.com    
MRI Resources 
Shielding - Chemistry - Equipment - Implant and Prosthesis - Musculoskeletal and Joint MRI - Safety Training
 
Slice Overlap ArtifactInfoSheet: - Artifacts - 
Case Studies, 
Reduction Index, 
etc.MRI Resource Directory:
 - Artifacts -
 
Quick Overview
Artifact Information
NAME
Slice overlap
DESCRIPTION
Loss of signal
REASON
HELP
Overlapping prevention
The slice overlap artifact is another name for crosstalk artifact. If slices of multislice acquisitions are overlapping, the spinning nuclei belonging to more than one slice getting multiple times saturated, which leads to signal loss in this areas.
mri safety guidance
Image Guidance
This problem occurs often in cervical or lumbar spine MRI, when scanning each disc with multi angle oblique technique. If prevention of overlapping is not possible, try to position the saturated region posterior to the spinal canal, outside the region of interest.

See also Crosstalk (Crosstalk), and Multiple Slice Imaging.
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Further Reading:
  Basics:
Slice-overlap Artifacts
   by www.mritutor.org    
MRI Resources 
Corporations - Shielding - - MRA - MRI Centers - Homepages
 
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