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Imaging of the ExtremitiesMRI Resource Directory:
 - Musculoskeletal and Joint MRI -
 
Knee and shoulder MRI exams are the most commonly requested musculoskeletal MRI scans. Other MR imaging of the extremities includes hips, ankles, elbows, and wrists. Orthopedic imaging requires very high spatial resolution for reliable small structure definition and therefore places extremely high demands on SNR.
Exact presentation of joint pathology expects robust and reliable fat suppression, often under difficult conditions like off-center FOV, imaging at the edge of the field homogeneity or in regions with complex magnetic susceptibility.
MR examinations can evaluate meniscal dislocations, muscle fiber tears, tendon disruptions, tendinitis, and diagnose bone tumors and soft tissue masses. MR can also demonstrate acute fractures that are radiographically impossible to see. Evaluation of articular cartilage for traumatic injury or assessment of degenerative disease represents an imaging challenge, which can be overcome by high field MRI applications. Currently, fat-suppressed 3D spoiled gradient echo sequences and density weighted fast spin echo sequences are the gold-standard techniques used to assess articular cartilage.
Open MRI procedures allow the kinematic imaging of joints, which provides added value to any musculoskeletal MRI practice. This technique demonstrates the actual functional impingements or positional subluxations of joints. In knee MRI examinations, the kinematical patellar study can show patellofemoral joint abnormalities.

See also Open MRI, Knee MRI, Low Field MRI.
 
Images, Movies, Sliders:
 MRI - Anatomic Imaging of the Foot  Open this link in a new window
    
SlidersSliders Overview

 Anatomic Imaging of the Shoulder  Open this link in a new window
      

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman

 MRI - Anatomic Imaging of the Ankle 2  Open this link in a new window
    
SlidersSliders Overview

 Anatomic MRI of the Knee 1  Open this link in a new window
    
SlidersSliders Overview

 
Radiology-tip.comradJoint Scintigraphy,  Arthrography
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Medical-Ultrasound-Imaging.comSonography,  Musculoskeletal and Joint Ultrasound
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• Related Searches:
    • Knee MRI
    • Single Turn Solenoid
    • High Field MRI
    • Fat Saturation
    • MRI Procedure
 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
Musculoskeletal MRI at 3.0 T: Relaxation Times and Image Contrast
Sunday, 1 August 2004   by www.ajronline.org    
Optimizing Musculoskeletal MR
   by rad.usuhs.mil    
VALUE OF 3D T1W & STIR MRI SEQUENCES IN DIAGNOSING EROSIONS IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
   by www.bocaradiology.com    
Comparison of New Methods for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Articular Cartilage(.pdf)
2002
  News & More:
MRI of Hand, Foot May Predict RA in Undifferentiated Arthritis
Monday, 24 January 2022   by consumer.healthday.com    
MRI-Detected Erosions of the Small Joints Not Predictive of Later Rheumatoid Arthritis
Tuesday, 7 July 2020   by www.rheumatologyadvisor.com    
MRI Superior to Radiography in Capturing Joint Changes That Signal Future Bleeds, Study Says
Friday, 7 February 2020   by hemophilianewstoday.com    
3D 'bone maps' could spot early signs of osteoporosis
Monday, 27 February 2017   by www.gmanetwork.com    
Is magnetic resonance imaging necessary in isolated greater trochanter fracture? A systemic review and pooled analysis
Thursday, 24 December 2015   by www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov    
Researcher uses MRI to measure joint's geometry and role in severe knee injury
Tuesday, 23 September 2014   by medicalxpress.com    
MRI technique allows study of wrist in motion
Monday, 6 January 2014   by www.healthimaging.com    
MRI Resources 
Spectroscopy pool - Non-English - Chemistry - Case Studies - Most Wanted - Databases
 
Knee MRI
 
Knee MRI, with its high soft tissue contrast is one of the main imaging tools to depict knee joint pathology. MRI allows accurate imaging of intra-articular structures such as ligaments, cartilage, menisci, bone marrow, synovium, and adjacent soft tissue.
Knee exams require a dedicated extremity coil, providing a homogenous imaging volume and high SNR to ensure best signal coverage. A complete knee MR examination includes for example sagittal and coronal T1 weighted, and proton density weighted pulse sequences +/- fat saturation, or STIR sequences. For high spatial resolution, maximal 4 mm thick slices with at least an in plane resolution of 0.75 mm and small gap are recommended. To depict the anterior cruciate ligament clearly, the sagittal plane has to be rotated 10 - 20° externally (parallel to the medial border of the femoral condyle). Retropatellar cartilage can bee seen for example in axial T2 weighted gradient echo sequences with Fatsat. However, the choice of the pulse sequences is depended of the diagnostic question, the used scanner, and preference of the operator.
Diagnostic quality in knee imaging is possible with field strengths ranging from 0.2 to 3T. With low field strengths more signal averages must be measured, resulting in increased scan times to provide equivalent quality as high field strengths.
More diagnostic information of meniscal tears and chondral defects can be obtained by direct magnetic resonance arthrography, which is done by introducing a dilute solution of gadolinium in saline (1:1000) into the joint capsule. The knee is then scanned in all three planes using T1W sequences with fat suppression. For indirect arthrography, the contrast is given i.v. and similar scans are started 20 min. after injection and exercise of the knee.
Frequent indications of MRI scans in musculoskeletal knee diseases are:
e.g., meniscal degeneration and tears, ligament injuries, osteochondral fractures, osteochondritis dissecans, avascular bone necrosis and rheumatoid arthritis.

See also Imaging of the Extremities and STIR.
 
Images, Movies, Sliders:
 Sagittal Knee MRI Images T1 Weighted  Open this link in a new window
      

 Anatomic MRI of the Knee 2  Open this link in a new window
    
SlidersSliders Overview

 Knee MRI Coronal Pd Spir 001  Open this link in a new window
 Sagittal Knee MRI Images STIR  Open this link in a new window
      

 Axial Knee MRI Images T2 Weighted  Open this link in a new window
 Anatomic MRI of the Knee 1  Open this link in a new window
    
SlidersSliders Overview

 
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• View the DATABASE results for 'Knee MRI' (4).Open this link in a new window


• View the NEWS results for 'Knee MRI' (4).Open this link in a new window.
 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
Musculoskeletal MRI at 3.0 T: Relaxation Times and Image Contrast
Sunday, 1 August 2004   by www.ajronline.org    
Knee, Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries (MRI)
Tuesday, 28 March 2006   by www.emedicine.com    
  News & More:
NSAIDs May Worsen Arthritis Inflammation
Monday, 21 November 2022   by www.itnonline.com    
A Knee MRI in Half the Time? It's Possible
Thursday, 8 April 2021   by www.diagnosticimaging.com    
Seniors, patients, astronauts will all benefit from new USask research on bone health
Saturday, 27 February 2021   by www.yorktonthisweek.com    
3D mapping algorithm reads knee MRIs for new arthritis treatments
Thursday, 11 June 2020   by www.healthimaging.com    
MRI T2 Mapping of the Knee Providing Synthetic Morphologic Images: Comparison to Conventional Turbo Spin-Echo MRI
Tuesday, 1 October 2019   by pubs.rsna.org    
Researcher uses MRI to measure joint's geometry and role in severe knee injury
Tuesday, 23 September 2014   by medicalxpress.com    
Abnormalities on MRI predict knee replacement
Monday, 9 March 2015   by medicalxpress.com    
MRI Resources 
Intraoperative MRI - RIS - MRA - Breast Implant - Open Directory Project - Most Wanted
 
MultiHance®InfoSheet: - Contrast Agents - 
Intro, Overview, 
Characteristics, 
Types of, 
etc.MRI Resource Directory:
 - Contrast Agents -
 
MultiHance® is a paramagnetic contrast agent for use in diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the liver and central nervous system. MultiHance® is a small molecular weight chelate, which tightly binds the Gd atom. The substance is excreted partly by the kidneys, partly by the biliary system, which is especially unique.
MultiHance® is indicated, for the detection of focal liver lesions in patients with known or suspected primary liver cancer (e.g. hepatocellular carcinoma) or metastatic disease.
MultiHance® is also indicated in brain MRI and spine MRI where it improves the detection of lesions and provides diagnostic information additional to that obtained with unenhanced MRI.
Gd-BOPTA-enhanced MRA can provide superior vascular signal intensity and SNR, as compared with Gd-DTPA, due to its higher relaxivity, even at lower doses.
1 ml of solution MultiHance® contains: (0.5M) gadobenate dimeglumine 529 mg = gadobenic acid 334 mg + meglumine 195 mg. Viscosity at 37°C: 5.3 mPa

WARNING: NEPHROGENIC SYSTEMIC FIBROSIS Gadolinium-based contrast agents increase the risk for nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) in patients with acute or chronic severe renal insufficiency (glomerular filtration rate less than 30 mL/min/1.73m2), or acute renal insufficiency of any severity due to the hepato-renal syndrome or in the perioperative liver transplantation period.
Drug Information and Specification
NAME OF COMPOUND
Gadobenate dimeglumine, Gd-BOPTA, E7155
DEVELOPER
CENTRAL MOIETY
Gd2+
CONTRAST EFFECT
T1, predominantly positive enhancement
r1=9.7, r2=12.5, B0=0.5 T
PHARMACOKINETIC
Extracellular, hepatobiliary
1970 mosm/kg
CONCENTRATION
334 mg/ml
DOSAGE
0.05 mmol/kg for Liver MRI
0.1 mmol/kg for CNS MRI
PREPARATION
Solution for injection
INDICATION
CNS, Liver MRI
DEVELOPMENT STAGE
For sale
DISTRIBUTOR
See below
PRESENTATION
Vials of 5, 10, 15 and 20 mL, 50 and 100 mL Multipacks (Pharmacy Bulk Package)
DO NOT RELY ON THE INFORMATION PROVIDED HERE, THEY ARE
NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR THE ACCOMPANYING PACKAGE INSERT!
Distribution Information
TERRITORY
TRADE NAME
DEVELOPMENT
STAGE
DISTRIBUTOR
EU
MultiHance®
for sale
USA
MultiHance®
for sale
Australia
MultiHance®
for sale
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• View the DATABASE results for 'MultiHance®' (9).Open this link in a new window


• View the NEWS results for 'MultiHance®' (1).Open this link in a new window.
 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
Important Drug Warning for Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents
Wednesday, 12 September 2007   by www.ismrm.org    
MultiHance Package Insert(.pdf)
   by www.fda.gov    
  News & More:
FDA Expands Pediatric Age Range for MultiHance Contrast Agent
Tuesday, 30 January 2018   by www.empr.com    
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF FOCAL LIVER LESIONS(.pdf)
2002
BRACCO DIAGNOSTICS' MULTIHANCE EARNS FDA APPROVAL
Wednesday, 24 November 2004   by salesandmarketingnetwork.com    
Searchterm 'SNR' was also found in the following services: 
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News  (3)  Forum  (11)  
 
Multiple Coil ArrayInfoSheet: - Coils - 
Intro, 
Overview, 
etc.
 
RF coils, usually in receive mode, arranged to cover the whole region of interest. It has both the spatial coverage of a large region-of-interest coil and the high SNR of a surface coil.
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Further Reading:
  Basics:
System Architecture
2003   by www.revisemri.com    
MRI Resources 
Service and Support - Blood Flow Imaging - Supplies - Raman Spectroscopy - Education pool - MRI Technician and Technologist Career
 
NoiseForum -
related threadsInfoSheet: - Artifacts - 
Case Studies, 
Reduction Index, 
etc.
 
An undesirable background interference or disturbance that affects image quality.
The Noise is commonly characterized by the standard deviation of signal intensity in the image of a uniform object (phantom) in the absence of artifacts. The measured noise may depend on the particular phantom used due to variable effects on the Q of the receiver coil.
Noisy images appear when the SNR-Rate is too low - this is induced by the operator. Image artifacts and RF noise can often be caused by the presence and/or operation of a medical device in the MR environment. There are various noise sources in any electronic system, including Johnson noise, shot noise, thermal noise. Materials produce their own characteristic static magnetic field that can perturb the relationship between position and frequency essential to accurate image reconstruction.
RF noise, which often appears as static on the image, can be caused by a medical device located anywhere in the MR procedure room. RF noise is a result of excessive electromagnetic emissions from the medical device that interfere with the proper operation of the MR scanner. Since the MR procedure room is shielded from extraneous RF fields entering the room (Faraday cage), operation of electromagnetically noisy equipment outside the room does not typically affect the MR scanner.

See Signal to Noise Ratio and Radio Frequency Noise Artifact.
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• View the DATABASE results for 'Noise' (86).Open this link in a new window


• View the NEWS results for 'Noise' (2).Open this link in a new window.
 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
Image Characteristics and Quality
   by www.sprawls.org    
  News & More:
Noise from Magnetic Resonance Imaging Can Have Short-Term Impact on Hearing
Thursday, 22 February 2018   by www.diagnosticimaging.com    
MRI Noise in Utero Not Harmful for Baby's Ears
Tuesday, 28 September 2010   by www.medgadget.com    
A Neural Mosaic Of Tones
Tuesday, 20 June 2006   by www.sciencedaily.com    
MRI Resources 
Jobs pool - MRI Centers - Distributors - MRI Training Courses - Equipment - Implant and Prosthesis
 
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MRI is trending to low field magnets :
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