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Respiratory Gating
 
Respiratory gating is a respiratory motion reduction technique with reordering of the phase encoding matrix.

See Gating.
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• Related Searches:
    • Respiratory Ordered Phase Encoding
    • Respiratory Selection of Phase Encoding Steps
    • Navigator Technique
    • Retrospective Respiratory Gating
    • Synchronization, Respiratory
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Retrospective Respiratory Gating
 
The resorting of data collected over several acquisitions to create an image where all phase encoding lines are acquired with the object at the same spatial location of the respiratory cycle.
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Navigator Technique
 
The navigator technique measures with an additional quick MR prepulse the position, of e.g. the diaphragm before data collecting. Similar respiratory conditions of the patient can be identified and used to synchronize image data acquisition so that respiration induced image blurring is minimized by either respiratory ordered phase encoding or respiratory gating.
The prepulse sequence images a small area perpendicular to the structure, which is moving. The contrast of the interface between the diaphragm and the lung should be high to permit easy automatic detection. After data acquisition, the position of the interface is automatically recorded and imaging data are only accepted when the position of the interface falls within a range of prespecified values.
This technique has the advantage of greater accuracy than other respiratory gating (therefore used for coronary angiography) and has no need for additional sensing MRI equipment, as the MR system itself provides it.
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AIRIS II™InfoSheet: - Devices -
Intro, 
Types of Magnets, 
Overview, 
etc.MRI Resource Directory:
 - Devices -
 
www.hitachimed.com/products/airis_2.asp From Hitachi Medical Systems America Inc.;
the AIRIS II, an entry in the diagnostic category of open MR systems, was designed by Hitachi Medical Systems America Inc. (Twinsburg, OH, USA) and Hitachi Medical Corp. (Tokyo) and is manufactured by the Tokyo branch. A 0.3 T field-strength magnet and phased array coils deliver high image quality without the need for a tunnel-type high-field system, thereby significantly improving patient comfort not only for claustrophobic patients.
Device Information and Specification
CLINICAL APPLICATION
Whole body
CONFIGURATION
Vertical Field, Open MRI
QD Head, MA Head and Neck, QD C-Spine, MA or QD Shoulder, MA CTL Spine, QD Knee, Neck, QD TMJ, QD Breast, QD Flex Body (4 sizes), Small and Large Extrem., QD Wrist, MA Foot and Ankle (WIP), PVA (WIP)
SYNCHRONIZATION
Cardiac gating, ECG/peripheral, respiratory gating (2 modes)
PULSE SEQUENCES
SE, GE, GR, IR, FIR, STIR, FSE, ss-FSE, FLAIR, EPI -DWI, SE-EPI, ms - EPI, SSP, MTC, SARGE, RSSG, TRSG, MRCP, Angiography: CE, 2D/3D TOF
IMAGING MODES
Single, multislice, volume study
TR
SE: 30 - 10,000msec GE: 20 - 10,000msec IR: 50 - 16,700msec FSE: 200 - 16,7000msec
TE
SE : 10 - 250msec IR: 10 -250msec GE: 5 - 50 msec FSE: 15 - 2,000
SINGLE/MULTI SLICE
0.05 sec/image (256 x 256)
FOV
5cm to 42 cm continuous
2D: 2 - 100 mm; 3D: 0.5 - 5 mm
1280 x 1024
MEASURING MATRIX
512 x 512
PIXEL INTENSITY
Level Range: -2,000 to +4,000
Sub millimeter
MAGNET TYPE
Self-shielded, permanent
BORE DIAMETER
or W x H
110 x 43 cm
MAGNET WEIGHT
15,700 kg
H*W*D
79 x 111 x 73 cm
POWER REQUIREMENTS
208/220/240 V, single phase
COOLING SYSTEM TYPE
Air-cooled
STRENGTH
15 mT/m
2.0 m lateral, 2.5 m vert./long
Auto shimming, 3-axis/patient, and volume shim
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Altaire™InfoSheet: - Devices -
Intro, 
Types of Magnets, 
Overview, 
etc.MRI Resource Directory:
 - Devices -
 
www.hitachimed.com/products/altaire.asp From Hitachi Medical Systems America, Inc.;
the AIRIS made its debut in 1995. Hitachi followed up with the AIRIS II system, which has proven equally successfully. 'All told, Hitachi has installed more than 1,000 MRI systems in the U.S., holding more than 17 percent of the total U.S. MRI installed base, and more than half of the installed base of open MR systems,' says Antonio Garcia, Frost and Sullivan industry research analyst. Now Altaire employs a blend of innovative Hitachi features called VOSI™ technology, optimizing each sub-system's performance in concert with the other sub-systems, to give the seamless mix of high-field performance and the patient comfort, especially for claustrophobic patients, of open MR systems.

Device Information and Specification
CLINICAL APPLICATION
Whole body
CONFIGURATION
Vertical Field, Open MRI
DualQuad T/R Body Coil, MA Head, MA C-Spine, MA Shoulder, MA Wrist, MA CTL Spine, MA Knee, MA TMJ, MA Flex Body (3 sizes), Neck, small and large Extremity, PVA (WIP), Breast (WIP), Neurovascular (WIP), Cardiac (WIP) and MA Foot//Ankle (WIP)
SYNCHRONIZATION
Cardiac gating, ECG/peripheral, respiratory gating (2 modes)
PULSE SEQUENCES
SE, GE, GR, IR, FIR, STIR, ss-FSE, FSE, DE-FSE/FIR, FLAIR, ss/ms-EPI, ss/ms EPI- DWI, SSP, MTC, SE/GE-EPI, MRCP, SARGE, RSSG, TRSG, BASG, Angiography: CE, PC, 2D/3D TOF
IMAGING MODES
Single, multislice, volume study
TR
SE: 30 - 10,000msec GE: 3.6 - 10,000msec IR: 50 - 16,700msec FSE: 200 - 16,7000msec
TE
SE : 8 - 250msec IR: 5.2 -7,680msec GE: 1.8 - 2,000 msec FSE: 5.2 - 7,680
SINGLE/MULTI SLICE
0.05 sec/image (256 x 256)
FOV
5cm to 45 cm continuous
2D: 2 - 100 mm; 3D: 0.5 - 5 mm
1280 x 1024
MEASURING MATRIX
512 x 512
PIXEL INTENSITY
Level Range: -2,000 to +4,000
Sub millimeter
MAGNET TYPE
Self-shielded, superconducting
BORE DIAMETER
or W x H
110 x 43 cm
MAGNET WEIGHT
41,700 kg
H*W*D
256 x 348 x 236 cm
POWER REQUIREMENTS
208 V +/- 10%, 3 phase
COOLING SYSTEM TYPE
Water-cooled
STRENGTH
22 mT/m
3.1 m lateral, 3.6 m vertical
Auto shimming, 3-axis/patient and active shimming
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Further Reading:
  News & More:
Altaire High-Field Open MRI(.pdf)
2001
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