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Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI
 
(MRI) Magnetic resonance imaging is a noninvasive medical imaging technique that uses the interaction between radio frequency pulses, a strong magnetic field and body tissue to obtain images of slices/planes from inside the body. These magnets generate fields from approx. 2000 times up to 30000 times stronger than that of the Earth. The use of nuclear magnetic resonance principles produces extremely detailed pictures of the body tissue without the need for x-ray exposure and gives diagnostic information of various organs.
Measured are mobile hydrogen nuclei (protons are the hydrogen atoms of water, the 'H' in H20), the majority of elements in the body. Only a small part of them contribute to the measured signal, caused by their different alignment in the magnetic field. Protons are capable of absorbing energy if exposed to short radio wave pulses (electromagnetic energy) at their resonance frequency. After the absorption of this energy, the nuclei release this energy so that they return to their initial state of equilibrium.
This transmission of energy by the nuclei as they return to their initial state is what is observed as the MRI signal. The subtle differing characteristic of that signal from different tissues combined with complex mathematical formulas analyzed on modern computers is what enables MRI imaging to distinguish between various organs. Any imaging plane, or slice, can be projected, and then stored or printed.
The measured signal intensity depends jointly on the spin density and the relaxation times (T1 time and T2 time), with their relative importance depending on the particular imaging technique and choice of interpulse times. Any motion such as blood flow, respiration, etc. also affects the image brightness.
Magnetic resonance imaging is particularly sensitive in assessing anatomical structures, organs and soft tissues for the detection and diagnosis of a broad range of pathological conditions. MRI pictures can provide contrast between benign and pathological tissues and may be used to stage cancers as well as to evaluate the response to treatment of malignancies. The need for biopsy or exploratory surgery can be eliminated in some cases, and can result in earlier diagnosis of many diseases.

See also MRI History and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI).
 
Images, Movies, Sliders:
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 Anatomic Imaging of the Lumbar Spine  Open this link in a new window
      

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman

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Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman

 Breast MRI Images T2 And T1 Pre - Post Contrast  Open this link in a new window
 Anatomic Imaging of the Shoulder  Open this link in a new window
      

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman

 
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Further Reading:
  Basics:
Bringing More Value to Imaging Departments With MRI
Friday, 4 October 2019   by www.itnonline.com    
A Short History of the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
   by www.teslasociety.com    
On the Horizon - Next Generation MRI
Wednesday, 23 October 2013   by thefutureofthings.com    
MRI's inside story
Thursday, 4 December 2003   by www.economist.com    
  News & More:
High-resolution MRI enables direct imaging of neuronal activity - DIANA – direct imaging of neuronal activity
Friday, 18 November 2022   by physicsworld.com    
New MRI technique can 'see' molecular changes in the brain
Thursday, 5 September 2019   by medicalxpress.com    
How new MRI technology is transforming the patient experience
Tuesday, 14 May 2019   by newsroom.gehealthcare.com    
Metamaterials boost sensitivity of MRI machines
Thursday, 14 January 2016   by www.eurekalert.org    
MRI technique allows study of wrist in motion
Monday, 6 January 2014   by www.healthimaging.com    
New imaging technology promising for several types of cancer
Thursday, 29 August 2013   by medicalxpress.com    
MRI method for measuring MS progression validated
Thursday, 19 December 2013   by www.eurekalert.org    
MRI Resources 
Services and Supplies - Abdominal Imaging - Online Books - Coils - Pediatric and Fetal MRI - Nerve Stimulator
 
Magnetic Resonance Tomography
 
(MRT) An alternative name of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

List of alternative names:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( MRI )
Magnetic Resonance Tomography ( MRT )
Spin Mapping
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Further Reading:
  Basics:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, History & Introduction
2000   by www.cis.rit.edu    
Tomographic Image Reconstruction
   by www.aapm.org    
  News & More:
3D Software to Model the Whole Human Body
Thursday, 12 November 2009   by news.softpedia.com    
MRI Resources 
Used and Refurbished MRI Equipment - Case Studies - Hospitals - Safety Training - MRI Physics - Coils
 
Nuclear Magnetic ResonanceMRI Resource Directory:
 - NMR -
 
(NMR) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance is a physical phenomenon of the magnetic property of nuclei, which have a positive nuclear spin quantum number.
Under the influence of an external static magnetic field this nuclei will precess about the direction of the magnetic field with an angular frequency (Larmor frequency). Through absorption and emission of RF energy (gradients, RF coils) at the resonance frequency (Larmor equation) and the processing of this raw data by the Fourier transformation - physical, chemical, electronic, and structural information about molecules can be obtained (NMR Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Magnetic Resonance Imaging).
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• View the NEWS results for 'Nuclear Magnetic Resonance' (1).Open this link in a new window.
 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
MRI's inside story
Thursday, 4 December 2003   by www.economist.com    
Nuclear magnetic resonance with no magnets
Wednesday, 18 May 2011   by www.physorg.com    
  News & More:
Neuromelanin-Sensitive MRI Identified as a Potential Biomarker for Psychosis
Sunday, 10 February 2019   by www.nimh.nih.gov    
A powder to enhance NMR signals
Thursday, 12 December 2013   by phys.org    
New Paradigm for Nanoscale Resolution MRI Experimentally Achieved
Friday, 27 September 2013   by www.sciencedaily.com    
Searchterm 'Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging' was also found in the following services: 
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Spectroscopy
 
Edward Purcell and Felix Bloch discovered the basic of spectroscopy in 1946 (see MRI History). Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR Spectroscopy or MRS) is an analytical tool, based on nuclei that have a spin (nuclei with an odd number of neutrons and/or protons) like 1H, 13C, 17O, 19F, 31P etc.
Through nuclear magnetic principles as precession, chemical shift, spin spin coupling etc., the analysis of the content, purity, and molecular structure of a sample is possible. The spectrum produced by this process contains a number of peaks; the highs and the positions of these peaks allow the exact analysis. Unknown compounds can be matched against spectral libraries. Even very complex organic compounds as enzymes and proteins can be determined. For the wide uses of NMR spectroscopy (from mineralogy to medicine) there is a variety of different techniques available.
See Spectroscopic Imaging Techniques.
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Further Reading:
  Basics:
MR Spectroscopy May Help Avoid Invasive Procedures And Treatments For Recurrent Brain Lesions
Wednesday, 11 February 2009   by www.sciencedaily.com    
MRI spectroscopy is highly sensitive for lipid-soluble metabolites from UC-MSCs
Monday, 9 September 2013   by phys.org    
  News & More:
Pioneering MRI imaging method captures brain glucose metabolism without the need for administration of radioactive substances
Friday, 28 April 2023   by www.eurekalert.org    
New quantum sensing technique allows high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Wednesday, 17 June 2020   by phys.org    
MR Spectroscopy Detects Biochemical Alterations in Pre-Invasive Breast Cancer Patients
Wednesday, 11 March 2015   by radiationtherapynews.com    
MR Spectroscopy Shows Differences in Brains of Preterm Infants
Monday, 25 November 2013   by www.digitaljournal.com    
Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and MRI Reveal No Evidence for Brain Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Wednesday, 16 March 2011   by leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk    
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy for breast cancer
Wednesday, 11 July 2007   by www.news-medical.net    
MRI Resources 
Image Quality - Guidance - MRI Centers - Implant and Prosthesis pool - MRI Training Courses - Bioinformatics
 
Spectroscopic Imaging Techniques
 
For the wide uses of NMR spectroscopy (from mineralogy to medicine) there is a variety of different spectroscopic imaging techniques available.
A short listing of the most frequent variations:
'One-dimensional NMR Spectroscopy (1D NMR) is attended to the spectra of (1H) Proton, 13Carbon etc., which in general is divided in continuous wave and pulse spectroscopy. General used to determine chemical structures. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) spectroscopy are the most prominent techniques here.
'Two-dimensional NMR Spectroscopy' (2D NMR) is based on pulse spectroscopy. This technique is mostly used for the study of chemical interactions accompanied by magnetization transfer. Examples for more diversified spectroscopy techniques are based on homonuclear (COSY, TOCSY, 2D-INADEQUATE, NOESY, ROESY) or heteronuclear correlation (HSQC, HMQC, HMBC).
'Solid State NMR Spectroscopy' analyzes samples with little or no molecular mobility. Dipolar coupling and chemical shift anisotropy are the dominating nuclear physical effects here. Used for example in pharmaceutical analysis.
'Solution State NMR Spectroscopy' is a technique to analyze the structure of samples with a high degree of molecular mobility as polymers, proteins, nucleic acids etc.
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Further Reading:
  Basics:
Chemical Applications of NMR
   by hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu    
  News & More:
Automated analysis of the total choline resonance peak in breast proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Wednesday, 4 October 2023   by analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com    
New Brain Imaging Technique Identifies Previously Undetected Epileptic Seizure Sites
Friday, 13 November 2015   by www.newswise.com    
Proton MR Spectroscopic Imaging without Water Suppression1
2000   by radiology.rsnajnls.org    
MRI Resources 
Process Analysis - RIS - Supplies - Abdominal Imaging - Absorption and Emission - Stent
 
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