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Energy
 
Ability to do work, measured in joules (J).
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Energy Level
 
The initial energy level of a spinning proton is depended of thermodynamics conditions (see Boltzmann distribution). In a magnetic field, each spin can exist in one of a number of distinct states having different energy levels. Each level is given a magnetic quantum number, m.
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Further Reading:
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NMR Spectroscopy - Theory
   by www.shu.ac.uk    
MRI Resources 
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI
 
(MRI) Magnetic resonance imaging is a noninvasive medical imaging technique that uses the interaction between radio frequency pulses, a strong magnetic field and body tissue to obtain images of slices/planes from inside the body. These magnets generate fields from approx. 2000 times up to 30000 times stronger than that of the Earth. The use of nuclear magnetic resonance principles produces extremely detailed pictures of the body tissue without the need for x-ray exposure and gives diagnostic information of various organs.
Measured are mobile hydrogen nuclei (protons are the hydrogen atoms of water, the 'H' in H20), the majority of elements in the body. Only a small part of them contribute to the measured signal, caused by their different alignment in the magnetic field. Protons are capable of absorbing energy if exposed to short radio wave pulses (electromagnetic energy) at their resonance frequency. After the absorption of this energy, the nuclei release this energy so that they return to their initial state of equilibrium.
This transmission of energy by the nuclei as they return to their initial state is what is observed as the MRI signal. The subtle differing characteristic of that signal from different tissues combined with complex mathematical formulas analyzed on modern computers is what enables MRI imaging to distinguish between various organs. Any imaging plane, or slice, can be projected, and then stored or printed.
The measured signal intensity depends jointly on the spin density and the relaxation times (T1 time and T2 time), with their relative importance depending on the particular imaging technique and choice of interpulse times. Any motion such as blood flow, respiration, etc. also affects the image brightness.
Magnetic resonance imaging is particularly sensitive in assessing anatomical structures, organs and soft tissues for the detection and diagnosis of a broad range of pathological conditions. MRI pictures can provide contrast between benign and pathological tissues and may be used to stage cancers as well as to evaluate the response to treatment of malignancies. The need for biopsy or exploratory surgery can be eliminated in some cases, and can result in earlier diagnosis of many diseases.

See also MRI History and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI).
 
Images, Movies, Sliders:
 CE-MRA of the Carotid Arteries Colored MIP  Open this link in a new window
    
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 Anatomic Imaging of the Lumbar Spine  Open this link in a new window
      

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman

 Normal Dual Inversion Fast Spin-echo  Open this link in a new window
      

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman

 Breast MRI Images T2 And T1 Pre - Post Contrast  Open this link in a new window
 Anatomic Imaging of the Shoulder  Open this link in a new window
      

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman

 
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Further Reading:
  Basics:
Bringing More Value to Imaging Departments With MRI
Friday, 4 October 2019   by www.itnonline.com    
A Short History of the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
   by www.teslasociety.com    
On the Horizon - Next Generation MRI
Wednesday, 23 October 2013   by thefutureofthings.com    
MRI's inside story
Thursday, 4 December 2003   by www.economist.com    
  News & More:
High-resolution MRI enables direct imaging of neuronal activity - DIANA – direct imaging of neuronal activity
Friday, 18 November 2022   by physicsworld.com    
New MRI technique can 'see' molecular changes in the brain
Thursday, 5 September 2019   by medicalxpress.com    
How new MRI technology is transforming the patient experience
Tuesday, 14 May 2019   by newsroom.gehealthcare.com    
Metamaterials boost sensitivity of MRI machines
Thursday, 14 January 2016   by www.eurekalert.org    
MRI technique allows study of wrist in motion
Monday, 6 January 2014   by www.healthimaging.com    
New imaging technology promising for several types of cancer
Thursday, 29 August 2013   by medicalxpress.com    
MRI method for measuring MS progression validated
Thursday, 19 December 2013   by www.eurekalert.org    
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Alignment
 
Once hydrogen protons are placed in the presence of an external magnetic field, they align themselves in one of two directions, parallel or anti parallel to the net magnetic field.
The strength of the external magnetic field and the thermal energy of the atoms are the factors, which affect the direction of alignment of the hydrogen protons. The high-energy protons are strong enough to align themselves against or anti parallel to the magnetic field, whereas the lower energy protons will align themselves with or parallel to the magnetic field.
As the magnetic field increases, there are fewer protons, which are strong enough to align anti parallel to the magnetic field. There are always a larger number of protons aligned parallel with the magnetic field, so once the parallel and anti parallel protons cancel each other out, only the small number of low energy protons left aligned with the magnetic field create the overall net magnetization of the patient's body.
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Relaxation Effect
 
The relaxation effect is the transition of an atom or molecule from a higher energy level to a lower one. The return of the excited proton from the high energy to the low energy level is associated with the loss of energy to the surrounding tissue. The T1 and T2 relaxation times define the way that the protons return to their resting levels after the initial radio frequency (RF) pulse. The T1 and T2 relaxation rates have an effect of the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of MR images.
The relaxation process is a result of both T1 and T2, and can be controlled by the dependency of one of the two biological parameters T1 and T2 in the recorded signal. A T1 weighted spin echo sequence is based on a short repetition time (TR) and a change of it will affect the acquisition time and the T1 weighting of the image. Increased TR results in improved SNR caused by longer recovering time for the longitudinal magnetization. Increased TE improves the T2 weighting, combined with a long TR (of several T1 times) to minimize the T1 effect.
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Further Reading:
  News & More:
MRI's inside story
Thursday, 4 December 2003   by www.economist.com    
MRI Resources 
Shoulder MRI - - Stent - Quality Advice - Mobile MRI Rental - Functional MRI
 
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