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 'Arterial Spin Labeling' 
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Arterial Spin LabelingInfoSheet: - Sequences - 
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(ASL) A MR image can be sensitized to the effect of inflowing blood spins if those spins are in a different magnetic state to that of the static tissue. Techniques known as ASL techniques uses this idea by magnetically labeling blood flowing into the slices of interest. Contrast agents are not required for these techniques. This perfusion measurement is completely noninvasive.
Blood flowing into the imaging slice exchanges with tissue water, altering the tissue magnetization. A perfusion-weighted image can be generated by the subtraction of an image in which inflowing spins have been labeled from an image in which spin labeling has not been performed. Quantitative perfusion maps can be calculated if other parameters (such as tissue T1 and the efficiency of spin labeling) also are measured.
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Further Reading:
  News & More:
FDG-PET displays its prowess in dementia detection
Monday, 2 March 2020   by physicsworld.com    
Ischemic Stroke: Collateral Blood Vessels Detected by Arterial Spin Labeling MRI Correlates With Good Neurological Outcome
Thursday, 30 March 2017   by medicalresearch.com    
Turbo-FLASH Based Arterial Spin Labeled Perfusion MRI at 7 T
Thursday, 20 June 2013   by www.plosone.org    
Non-invasive MRI technique distinguishes between Alzheimer's and frontotemporal dementia
Saturday, 18 June 2005   by www.eurekalert.org    
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Liver Imaging - Mobile MRI Rental - MRI Technician and Technologist Jobs - Cardiovascular Imaging - MRI Technician and Technologist Career - Devices
 
Continuous Arterial Spin LabelingInfoSheet: - Sequences - 
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(CASL) In order to take spins in a different magnetic state to that of the static tissue a train of RF pulses repeatedly saturates blood water spins flowing through the neck. The saturated (or 'labeled') spins flow into the brain and, assuming water is a freely diffusible tracer, exchange completely with brain tissue water, thus reducing the overall tissue magnetization. A steady state progresses where the regional magnetization in the brain is directly related to cerebral blood flow.
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Further Reading:
  Basics:
Measuring Cerebral Blood Flow Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques
1999   by www.stanford.edu    
  News & More:
Non-invasive MRI technique distinguishes between Alzheimer's and frontotemporal dementia
Saturday, 18 June 2005   by www.eurekalert.org    
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Brain MRIForum -
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Brain imaging, magnetic resonance imaging of the head or skull, cranial magnetic resonance tomography (MRT), neurological MRI - they describe all the same radiological imaging technique for medical diagnostic.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the human brain includes the anatomic description and the detection of lesions. Special techniques like diffusion weighted imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and spectroscopy provide also information about the function and chemical metabolites of the brain. MRI provides detailed pictures of brain and nerve tissues in multiple planes without obstruction by overlying bones. Brain MRI is the procedure of choice for most brain disorders. It provides clear images of the brainstem and posterior brain, which are difficult to view on a CT scan. It is also useful for the diagnosis of demyelinating disorders (disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS) that cause destruction of the myelin sheath of the nerve).
With this noninvasive procedure also the evaluation of blood flow and the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is possible. Different MRA methods, also without contrast agents can show a venous or arterial angiogram. MRI can distinguish tumors, inflammatory lesions, and other pathologies from the normal brain anatomy. However, MRI scans are also used instead other methods to avoid the dangers of interventional procedures like angiography (DSA - digital subtraction angiography) as well as of repeated exposure to radiation as required for computed tomography (CT) and other X-ray examinations.
A (birdcage) bird cage coil achieves uniform excitation and reception and is commonly used to study the brain. Usually a brain MRI procedure includes FLAIR, T2 weighted and T1 weighted sequences in two or three planes.

See also Fetal MRI, Fluid Attenuation Inversion Recovery (FLAIR), Perfusion Imaging and High Field MRI.
See also Arterial Spin Labeling.
 
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Further Reading:
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New MRI technique offers faster diagnosis of multiple sclerosis
Monday, 1 February 2016   by medicalxpress.com    
Ultra-high-field MRI reveals language centres in the brain in much more detail
Tuesday, 28 October 2014   by medicalxpress.com    
A Dutch study has revealed that as many as 13% of healthy adults may have some type of undiagnosed abnormality in the brain.
Sunday, 4 November 2007   by www.news-medical.net:80    
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MRI Reveals Significant Brain Abnormalities Post-COVID
Monday, 21 November 2022   by neurosciencenews.com    
Combining genetics and brain MRI can aid in predicting chances of Alzheimer's disease
Wednesday, 29 June 2022   by www.sciencedaily.com    
Roundup: How Even Mild COVID Can Affect the Brain; This Many Daily Steps Improves Longevity; and More
Friday, 11 March 2022   by baptisthealth.net    
A low-cost and shielding-free ultra-low-field brain MRI scanner
Tuesday, 14 December 2021   by www.nature.com    
Large International Study Reveals Spectrum of COVID-19 Brain Complications
Tuesday, 9 November 2021   by www.itnonline.com    
Brain MRI-Based Subtypes of MS Predict Disability Progression, Treatment Response
Thursday, 13 May 2021   by www.neurologyadvisor.com    
New MRI method improves detection of disease changes in the brain's network
Thursday, 11 June 2020   by www.compute.dtu.dk    
New NeuroCOVID Classification System Uses MRI to Categorize Patients
Friday, 12 June 2020   by www.diagnosticimaging.com    
New MRI technique can 'see' molecular changes in the brain
Thursday, 5 September 2019   by medicalxpress.com    
Talking therapy or medication for depression: Brain scan may help suggest better treatment
Monday, 27 March 2017   by www.newsnation.in    
MRI identifies brain abnormalities in chronic fatigue syndrome patients
Wednesday, 29 October 2014   by www.eurekalert.org    
MRIs Useful in Tracking Depression in MS Patients
Tuesday, 1 July 2014   by www.hcplive.com    
Contrast agent linked with brain abnormalities on MRI
Tuesday, 17 December 2013   by www.sciencecodex.com    
MRIs Reveal Signs of Brain Injuries Not Seen in CT Scans
Tuesday, 18 December 2012   by www.sciencedaily.com    
Iron Deposits in the Brain May Be Early Indicator of MS
Wednesday, 13 November 2013   by www.healthline.com    
Migraine Sufferers Have Thicker Brain Cortex
Tuesday, 20 November 2007   by www.medicalnewstoday.com    
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FlowForum -
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Flow phenomena are intrinsic processes in the human body. Organs like the heart, the brain or the kidneys need large amounts of blood and the blood flow varies depending on their degree of activity. Magnetic resonance imaging has a high sensitivity to flow and offers accurate, reproducible, and noninvasive methods for the quantification of flow. MRI flow measurements yield information of blood supply of of various vessels and tissues as well as cerebro spinal fluid movement.
Flow can be measured and visualized with different pulse sequences (e.g. phase contrast sequence, cine sequence, time of flight angiography) or contrast enhanced MRI methods (e.g. perfusion imaging, arterial spin labeling).
The blood volume per time (flow) is measured in: cm3/s or ml/min. The blood flow-velocity decreases gradually dependent on the vessel diameter, from approximately 50 cm per second in arteries with a diameter of around 6 mm like the carotids, to 0.3 cm per second in the small arterioles.

Different flow types in human body:
Behaves like stationary tissue, the signal intensity depends on T1, T2 and PD = Stagnant flow
Flow with consistent velocities across a vessel = Laminar flow
Laminar flow passes through a stricture or stenosis (in the center fast flow, near the walls the flow spirals) = Vortex flow
Flow at different velocities that fluctuates = Turbulent flow

See also Flow Effects, Flow Artifact, Flow Quantification, Flow Related Enhancement, Flow Encoding, Flow Void, Cerebro Spinal Fluid Pulsation Artifact, Cardiovascular Imaging and Cardiac MRI.
 
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• View the DATABASE results for 'Flow' (113).Open this link in a new window


• View the NEWS results for 'Flow' (7).Open this link in a new window.
 
Further Reading:
  News & More:
The super-fast MRI scan that could revolutionise heart failure diagnosis
Wednesday, 21 September 2022   by www.eurekalert.org    
MRI Resources 
Databases - Intraoperative MRI - MR Guided Interventions - Contrast Agents - Blood Flow Imaging - MR Myelography
 
Special ImagingInfoSheet: - Sequences - 
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Special imaging primarily means advanced MRI techniques used for qualitative and quantitative measurement of biological metabolism as e.g., spectroscopy, perfusion imaging (PWI, ASL), diffusion weighted imaging (DWI, DTI, DTT) and brain function (BOLD, fMRI). This physiological magnetic resonance techniques offer insights into brain structure, function, and metabolism.
Spectroscopy provides functional information related to identification and quantification of e.g. brain metabolites. MR perfusion imaging has applications in stroke, trauma, and brain neoplasm. MRI provides the high spatial and temporal resolution needed to measure blood flow to the brain. arterial spin labeling techniques utilize the intrinsic protons of blood and brain tissue, labeled by special preparation pulses, rather than exogenous tracers injected into the blood.
MR diffusion tensor imaging characterizes the ability of water to spread across the brain in different directions. Diffusion parallel to nerve fibers has been shown to be greater than diffusion in the perpendicular direction. This provides a tool to study in vivo fiber connectivity in brain MRI.
FMRI allows the detection of a functional activation in the brain because cortical activity is intimately related to local metabolism changes.

See also Diffusion Tensor Tractography.
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• View the NEWS results for 'Special Imaging' (14).Open this link in a new window.
 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
MRI's inside story
Thursday, 4 December 2003   by www.economist.com    
Diffusion Imaging: From Basic Physics to Practical Imaging
1999   by ej.rsna.org    
  News & More:
Philips and University Medical Center Utrecht Partner to Advance Quantitative MRI With MR-STAT
Monday, 10 August 2020   by www.itnonline.com    
This new 'whole body' MRI is better for cancer patients
Tuesday, 28 January 2014   by www.physiciansnews.com    
Turbo-FLASH Based Arterial Spin Labeled Perfusion MRI at 7 T
Thursday, 20 June 2013   by www.plosone.org    
Multiparametric MRI for Detecting Prostate Cancer
Wednesday, 17 December 2014   by www.onclive.com    
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