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MEDIC TechniqueInfoSheet: - Sequences -
Intro, Overview, 
Types of, 
etc.
 
Multiple echoes acquired in a gradient echo scan are combined into an image, for less artifacts and higher SNR; the early echoes provide increased SNR, whilst later echoes boost contrast. This sequence type is also known as MERGE (Multiple Echo Recombined Gradient Echo)

See also Multi Echo Data Image Combination, Bipolar Gradient Pulse.
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• View the NEWS results for 'MEDIC Technique' (15).Open this link in a new window.
 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
Cutting Edge Imaging of THE Spine
February 2007   by www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov    
Medical Imaging
 
The definition of imaging is the visual representation of an object. Medical imaging began after the discovery of x-rays by Konrad Roentgen 1896. The first fifty years of radiological imaging, pictures have been created by focusing x-rays on the examined body part and direct depiction onto a single piece of film inside a special cassette. The next development involved the use of fluorescent screens and special glasses to see x-ray images in real time.
A major development was the application of contrast agents for a better image contrast and organ visualization. In the 1950s, first nuclear medicine studies showed the up-take of very low-level radioactive chemicals in organs, using special gamma cameras. This medical imaging technology allows information of biologic processes in vivo. Today, PET and SPECT play an important role in both clinical research and diagnosis of biochemical and physiologic processes. In 1955, the first x-ray image intensifier allowed the pick up and display of x-ray movies.
In the 1960s, the principals of sonar were applied to diagnostic imaging. Ultrasonic waves generated by a quartz crystal are reflected at the interfaces between different tissues, received by the ultrasound machine, and turned into pictures with the use of computers and reconstruction software. Ultrasound imaging is an important diagnostic tool, and there are great opportunities for its further development. Looking into the future, the grand challenges include targeted contrast agents, real-time 3D ultrasound imaging, and molecular imaging.
Digital imaging techniques were implemented in the 1970s into conventional fluoroscopic image intensifier and by Godfrey Hounsfield with the first computed tomography. Digital images are electronic snapshots sampled and mapped as a grid of dots or pixels. The introduction of x-ray CT revolutionised medical imaging with cross sectional images of the human body and high contrast between different types of soft tissue. These developments were made possible by analog to digital converters and computers. The multislice spiral CT technology has expands the clinical applications dramatically.
The first MRI devices were tested on clinical patients in 1980. The spread of CT machines is the spur to the rapid development of MRI imaging and the introduction of tomographic imaging techniques into diagnostic nuclear medicine. With technological improvements including higher field strength, more open MRI magnets, faster gradient systems, and novel data-acquisition techniques, MRI is a real-time interactive imaging modality that provides both detailed structural and functional information of the body.
Today, imaging in medicine has advanced to a stage that was inconceivable 100 years ago, with growing medical imaging modalities:
Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Positron emission tomography (PET)

All this type of scans are an integral part of modern healthcare. Because of the rapid development of digital imaging modalities, the increasing need for an efficient management leads to the widening of radiology information systems (RIS) and archival of images in digital form in picture archiving and communication systems (PACS). In telemedicine, healthcare professionals are linked over a computer network. Using cutting-edge computing and communications technologies, in videoconferences, where audio and visual images are transmitted in real time, medical images of MRI scans, x-ray examinations, CT scans and other pictures are shareable.
See also Hybrid Imaging.

See also the related poll results: 'In 2010 your scanner will probably work with a field strength of', 'MRI will have replaced 50% of x-ray exams by'
Radiology-tip.comradDiagnostic Imaging
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Medical-Ultrasound-Imaging.comMedical Imaging
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• View the NEWS results for 'Medical Imaging' (81).Open this link in a new window.

• View the DATABASE results for 'Medical Imaging' (20).Open this link in a new window

 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
Image Characteristics and Quality
   by www.sprawls.org    
Multimodal Nanoparticles for Quantitative Imaging(.pdf)
Tuesday, 13 December 2011   by alexandria.tue.nl    
Medical imaging shows cost control problem
Tuesday, 6 November 2012   by www.mysanantonio.com    
  News & More:
iMPI: An Exploration of Post-Launch Advancements
Friday, 29 September 2023   by www.diagnosticimaging.com    
Advances in medical imaging enable visualization of white matter tracts in fetuses
Wednesday, 12 May 2021   by www.eurekalert.or    
Positron Emission Tomographic Imaging in Stroke
Monday, 28 December 2015   by www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov    
Multiparametric MRI for Detecting Prostate Cancer
Wednesday, 17 December 2014   by www.onclive.com    
Combination of MRI and PET imaging techniques can prevent second breast biopsy
Sunday, 29 June 2014   by www.news-medical.net    
3D-DOCTOR Tutorial
   by www.ablesw.com    
MRI Resources 
Brain MRI - MRI Technician and Technologist Career - Spine MRI - Process Analysis - Research Labs - Corporations
 
Meiboom Gill SequenceMRI Resource Directory:
 - Sequences -
 
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MemosomesInfoSheet: - Contrast Agents - 
Intro, Overview, 
Characteristics, 
Types of, 
etc.
 
Short name: Mn-EDTA-PP, generic name: Liposomes, central moiety: Mn2+, preclin. trade name: Memosomes
Memosomes are taken up by healthy Kupffer cells of the liver. Once in this cells, manganese (Mn+2) release slowly and diffuses into the adjoining hepatocytes. Normal liver tissue (not malignancies) is enhanced after application of this type of liposomes.

See also Liposomes, Hepatobiliary Contrast Agents, and Reticuloendothelial Contrast Agents.

See also Classifications, Characteristics, etc.
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• View the DATABASE results for 'Memosomes' (2).Open this link in a new window

Metal ArtifactInfoSheet: - Artifacts -
Case Studies, 
Reduction Index, 
etc.MRI Resource Directory:
 - Artifacts -
 
Quick Overview
Artifact Information
NAME
Metal, susceptibility
DESCRIPTION
Signal dropout, bright spots
REASON
HELP
Remove the metal
Ferromagnetic metal will cause a magnetic field inhomogeneity, which in turn causes a local signal void, often accompanied by an area of high signal intensity, as well as a distortion of the image. They create their own magnetic field and dramatically alter precession frequencies of protons in the adjacent tissues. Tissues adjacent to ferromagnetic components become influenced by the induced magnetic field of the metal hardware rather than the parent field and, therefore, either fail to precess or do so at a different frequency and hence do not generate useful signal. Two components contribute to susceptibility artifact, induced magnetism in the ferromagnetic component itself and induced magnetism in protons adjacent to the component.
Artifacts from metal may have varied appearances on MRI scans due to different type of metal or configuration of the piece of metal. The biocompatibility of metallic alloys, stainless steel, cobalt chrome and titanium alloy is based on the presence of a constituent element within the alloy that has the ability to form an adherent oxide coating that is stable, chemically inert and hence biocompatible. In relation to imaging titanium alloys are less ferromagnetic than both cobalt and stainless steel, induce less susceptibility artifact and result in less marked image degradation.
mri safety guidance
Image Guidance
Remove the metal when possible or take a not so sensitive sequence (a SE or another sequence with a rephasing 180° pulse).

See also Susceptibility Artifact.
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• View the DATABASE results for 'Metal Artifact' (2).Open this link in a new window

 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
Metal-Induced Artifacts in MRI
   by www.ajronline.org    
Metal Artefact Reduction
Thursday, 9 June 2011   by www.revisemri.com    
  News & More:
Multiacquisition with variable resonance image combination T2 (MAVRIC SL T2) for postoperative cervical spine with artificial disc replacement
Friday, 11 November 2022   by www.nature.com    
Modeling of Active Shimming of Metallic Needles for Interventional MRI
Monday, 29 June 2020   by pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov    
MRI Resources 
Universities - Image Quality - Abdominal Imaging - Veterinary MRI - Case Studies - Pacemaker
 
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MRI is trending to low field magnets :
reduced costs will lead to this change 
AI will close the gap to high field 
only in remote areas 
is only temporary 
never 

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