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Searchterm 'Turbo Spin Echo' was also found in the following service: 
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Fat SuppressionForum -
related threads
 
Fat suppression is the process of utilizing specific MRI parameters to remove the deleterious effects of fat from the resulting images , e.g. with STIR, FAT SAT sequences, water selective (PROSET WATS - water only selection, also FATS - fat only selection possible) excitation techniques, or pulse sequences based on the Dixon method.
Spin magnetization can be modulated by using special RF pulses. CHESS or its variations like SPIR, SPAIR (Spectral Selection Attenuated Inversion Recovery) and FAT SAT use frequency selective excitation pulses, which produce fat saturation.
Fat suppression techniques are nearly used in all body parts and belong to every standard MRI protocol of joints like knee, shoulder, hips, etc.
mri safety guidance
Image Guidance
Imaging of, e.g. the foot can induce bad fat suppression with SPIR/FAT SAT due to the asymmetric volume of this body part. The volume of the foot alters the magnetic field to a different degree than the smaller volume of the lower leg affecting the protons there. There is only a small band of tissue where the fat protons are precessing at the frequency expected, resulting in frequency selective fat saturation working only in that area. This can be corrected by volume shimming or creating a more symmetrical volume being imaged with water bags.
Even with their longer scan time and motion sensitivity, STIR (short T1/tau inversion recovery) sequences are often the better choice to suppress fat. STIR images are also preferred because of the decreased sensitivity to field inhomogeneities, permitting larger fields of views when compared to fat suppressed images and the ability to image away from the isocenter.
See also Knee MRI.
Sequences based on Dixon turbo spin echo (fast spin echo) can deliver a significant better fat suppression than conventional TSE/FSE imaging.
 
Images, Movies, Sliders:
 Shoulder Axial T2 FatSat FRFSE  Open this link in a new window
    

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman
 MRI Orbita T2 FatSat  Open this link in a new window
    
 Knee MRI Sagittal STIR 001  Open this link in a new window
 MRI - Anatomic Imaging of the Ankle 3  Open this link in a new window
    
SlidersSliders Overview

 
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• Related Searches:
    • Fat Saturation
    • Knee MRI
    • Spectral Presaturation Inversion Recovery
    • Out of Phase
    • Water Fat Shift
 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
Techniques of Fat Suppression(.pdf)
   by cds.ismrm.org    
  News & More:
Enhanced Fast GRadient Echo 3-Dimensional (efgre3D) or THRIVE
   by www.mri.tju.edu    
Ultrashort echo time (UTE) MRI of the spine in thalassaemia
February 2004   by bjr.birjournals.org    
MRI Resources 
Collections - Implant and Prosthesis - Patient Information - Journals - Stimulator pool - Portals
 
Fetal MRI
 
Ultrasound imaging is the primary fetal monitoring modality during pregnancy, nevertheless fetal MRI is increasingly used to image anatomical regions and structures difficult to see with sonography. Given its long record of safety, utility, and cost-effectiveness, ultrasound will remain the modality of first choice in fetal screening. However, MRI is beginning to fill a niche in situations where ultrasound does not provide enough information to diagnose abnormalities before the baby's birth. Magnetic resonance imaging of the fetus provides multiplanar views also in sub-optimal positions, better characterization of anatomic details of e.g. the fetal brain, and information for planning the mode of delivery and airway management at birth.

Indications:
Fetal anomalies
Maternal tumors
Pelvimetry
Examinations of the placenta

Modern fetal MRI requires no sedatives or muscle relaxants to control fetal movement. Ultrafast MRI techniques (e.g., single shot techniques like Half Fourier Acquisition Single shot Turbo spin Echo HASTE) enable images to be acquired in less than one second to eliminate fetal motion. Such technology has led to increased usage of fetal MRI, which can lead to earlier diagnosis of conditions affecting the baby and has proven useful in planning fetal surgery and designing postnatal treatments. As MR technology continues to improve, more advances in the prenatal diagnosis and treatment of fetal abnormalities are to expect. More advances in in-utero interventions are likely as well. Eventually, fetal MRI may replace even some prenatal tests that require invasive procedures such as amniocentesis.

For Ultrasound Imaging (USI) see Fetal Ultrasound at Medical-Ultrasound-Imaging.com.
 
Images, Movies, Sliders:
 Normal Fetus  Open this link in a new window
    

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman
 Pregnancy and Small Bowel Obstruction  Open this link in a new window
    

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman
 Fetus (Brain) and Dermoid in Mother  Open this link in a new window
      

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman

 
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• View the DATABASE results for 'Fetal MRI' (5).Open this link in a new window


• View the NEWS results for 'Fetal MRI' (2).Open this link in a new window.
 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
Fetal MRI is a Valuable Adjunct to Ultrasound in Detecting Abnormal Extracardiac Development in Fetuses with Congenital Heart Defects
Friday, 24 December 2021   by www.itnonline.com    
Specific Absorption Rate and Specific Energy Dose: Comparison of 1.5-T versus 3.0-T Fetal MRI
Tuesday, 7 April 2020   by pubs.rsna.org    
Untangling the Maze, Imaging the Fetus
Tuesday, 30 September 2014   by www.newswise.com    
In fetal MRI, 3T shown to have it all over 1.5T
Tuesday, 12 January 2016   by www.healthimaging.com    
  News & More:
Advances in medical imaging enable visualization of white matter tracts in fetuses
Wednesday, 12 May 2021   by www.eurekalert.or    
Fetal CMR Detects Congenital Heart Defects, Changes Treatment Decisions
Monday, 29 March 2021   by www.diagnosticimaging.com    
MRI scans more precisely define and detect some abnormalities in unborn babies
Friday, 12 March 2021   by www.eurekalert.org    
Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum in Fetuses: Frontal Horns and Cavum Septi Pellucidi Are Clues to Earlier Diagnosis
Monday, 29 June 2020   by pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov    
MRI helps predict preterm birth
Tuesday, 15 March 2016   by www.eurekalert.org    
3-T MRI advancing on ultrasound for imaging fetal abnormalities
Monday, 20 April 2015   by www.eurekalert.org    
Babies benefit from pioneering 'miniature' MRI scanner in Sheffield
Friday, 24 January 2014   by www.telegraph.co.uk    
Ultrasensitive Detector Pinpoints Big Problem in Tiny Fetal Heart
Tuesday, 6 April 2010   by www.sciencedaily.com    
Real-time MRI helps doctors assess beating heart in fetus
Thursday, 29 September 2005   by www.eurekalert.org    
MRI Resources 
Pathology - Anatomy - Homepages - NMR - Jobs pool - General
 
Lung ImagingMRI Resource Directory:
 - Lung Imaging -
 
Lung imaging is furthermore a challenge in MRI because of the predominance of air within the lungs and associated susceptibility issues as well as low signal to noise of the inflated lung parenchyma. Cardiac and respiratory triggered or breath hold sequences allow diagnostic imaging, however a comparable image quality with computed tomography is still difficult to achieve.
Assumptions for lung MRI:
•
Low signal to noise ratio of the inherently low lung proton density.
•
Cardiac and respiratory motion artifacts.
•
Magnetic susceptibility effects of large magnetic field gradients.
•
Very short transverse relaxation times and significant diffusion yielding short T2 (30-70 msec), short T2* (1-3 msec), and additional long T1 relaxation times (1300-1500 msec).
•
The extreme short T2 values are responsible for a fast signal decay during a single shot readout, resulting in blurring.

The current trends in MRI are the use of new imaging technologies and increasingly powerful magnetic fields. Among these technologies are parallel imaging techniques as well as ventilation agents like hyperpolarized helium for the use as an inert inhalational contrast agent to study lung ventilation properties. With hyperpolarized gases clear images of the lungs can be obtained without using a large magnetic field (see also back projection imaging). Single shot sequences (e.g. TSE or Half Fourier Acquisition Single Shot Turbo Spin Echo HASTE) used in lung MR imaging benefits from parallel imaging techniques due to reduced relaxation time effects during the echo train and therefore reduced image blurring as well as reduced motion artifacts.
In the future, more effective contrast agents may provide an alternative solution to the need for high field MRI. Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI perfusion has demonstrated a potential in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism or to characterize lung cancer and mediastinal tumors. 3D contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography of the thoracic vessel.

See also the related poll result: 'MRI will have replaced 50% of x-ray exams by'
 
Images, Movies, Sliders:
 Anatomic Imaging of the Lungs  Open this link in a new window
      

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman
 Normal Lung Gd Perfusion MRI  Open this link in a new window
      

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman

 MRI Thorax Basal Plane  Open this link in a new window
 
Radiology-tip.comradLung Scintigraphy
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• View the DATABASE results for 'Lung Imaging' (7).Open this link in a new window


• View the NEWS results for 'Lung Imaging' (3).Open this link in a new window.
 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
A safer approach for diagnostic medical imaging
Monday, 29 September 2014   by www.eurekalert.org    
Parallel Lung Imaging(.pdf)
  News & More:
Chest MRI a viable alternative to chest CT in COVID-19 pneumonia follow-up
Monday, 21 September 2020   by www.healthimaging.com    
CT Imaging Features of 2019 Novel Corona virus (2019-nCoV)
Tuesday, 4 February 2020   by pubs.rsna.org    
Polarean Imaging Phase III Trial Results Point to Potential Improvements in Lung Imaging
Wednesday, 29 January 2020   by www.diagnosticimaging.com    
Low Power MRI Helps Image Lungs, Brings Costs Down
Thursday, 10 October 2019   by www.medgadget.com    
Chest MRI Using Multivane-XD, a Novel T2-Weighted Free Breathing MR Sequence
Thursday, 11 July 2019   by www.sciencedirect.co    
Researchers Review Importance of Non-Invasive Imaging in Diagnosis and Management of PAH
Wednesday, 11 March 2015   by lungdiseasenews.com    
New MRI Approach Reveals Bronchiectasis' Key Features Within the Lung
Thursday, 13 November 2014   by lungdiseasenews.com    
MRI techniques improve pulmonary embolism detection
Monday, 19 March 2012   by medicalxpress.com    
  News & More:
Partnership with VIDA to streamline adoption of advanced MRI of the lungs
Monday, 11 September 2023   by www.itnonline.com    
Searchterm 'Turbo Spin Echo' was also found in the following service: 
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Forum  (1)  
 
Periodically Rotated Overlapping Parallel Lines with Enhanced ReconstructionInfoSheet: - Sequences - 
Intro, 
Overview, 
Types of, 
etc.
 
(PROPELLER) The PROPELLER MRI technique reduces the sensitivity to various sources of image artifacts (e.g., motion artifact, field inhomogeneity artifact, eddy current artifact). PROPELLER can be used with gradient echo and turbo spin echo sequences in a wide range of applications to improve the image quality, for example cardiac MRI, brain MRI, and pediatric examinations.
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Further Reading:
  Basics:
Periodically Rotated Overlapping ParallEL Lines with Enhanced Reconstruction(PROPELLER) MRI; Application to Motion Correction
1999   by cds.ismrm.org    
MR Field Notes
   by www.gehealthcare.com    
Advances in Magnetic Resonance Neuroimaging
Friday, 27 February 2009   by www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov    
  News & More:
Patient movement during MRI: Additional points to ponder
Tuesday, 5 January 2016   by www.healthimaging.com    
New MR sequence helps radiologists more accurately evaluate abnormalities of the uterus and ovaries
Thursday, 23 April 2009   by www.eurekalert.org    
MRI Resources 
Stent - General - Corporations - MRI Accidents - Nerve Stimulator - Colonography
 
Scan TimeForum -
related threads
 
(SCT) The total scan time is the time required to collect all data needed to generate the programmed images. The scan time is related to the used pulse sequence and dependent on the assemble of parameters like e.g., repetition time (TR), Matrix, number of signal averages (NSA), TSE- or EPI factor and flip angle.
For example, the total scan time for a standard spin echo or gradient echo sequence is number of repetitions x the scan time per repetition (means the product of repetition time (TR), number of phase encoding steps, and NSA).

See also Number of Excitations, Turbo Spin Echo Turbo Factor, Echo Planar Imaging Factor, Flip Angle and Image Acquisition Time.

See also acronyms for 'scan time parameters' from different manufacturers.
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• View the DATABASE results for 'Scan Time' (47).Open this link in a new window


• View the NEWS results for 'Scan Time' (10).Open this link in a new window.
 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
Musculoskeletal MRI at 3.0 T: Relaxation Times and Image Contrast
Sunday, 1 August 2004   by www.ajronline.org    
  News & More:
For MRI, time is of the essence A new generation of contrast agents could make for faster and more accurate imaging
Tuesday, 28 June 2011   by scienceline.org    
Clinical evaluation of a speed optimized T2 weighted fast spin echo sequence at 3.0 T using variable flip angle refocusing, half-Fourier acquisition and parallel imaging
Wednesday, 25 October 2006
MRI Resources 
MRI Technician and Technologist Jobs - Hospitals - Patient Information - Chemistry - Pregnancy - Libraries
 
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MRI is trending to low field magnets :
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