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Result : Searchterm 'Presaturation' found in 2 terms [] and 13 definitions []
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Motion ArtifactInfoSheet: - Artifacts - 
Case Studies, 
Reduction Index, 
etc.MRI Resource Directory:
 - Artifacts -
 
Quick Overview
Please note that there are different common names for this artifact.
Artifact Information
NAME
Motion, phase encoded motion, instability, smearing
DESCRIPTION
Blurring and ghosting
REASON
Movement of the imaged object
HELP
Compensation techniques, more averages, anti spasmodic
Patient motion is the largest physiological effect that causes artifacts, often resulting from involuntary movements (e.g. respiration, cardiac motion and blood flow, eye movements and swallowing) and minor subject movements.
Movement of the object being imaged during the sequence results in inconsistencies in phase and amplitude, which lead to blurring and ghosting. The nature of the artifact depends on the timing of the motion with respect to the acquisition. Causes of motion artifacts can also be mechanical vibrations, cryogen boiling, large iron objects moving in the fringe field (e.g. an elevator), loose connections anywhere, pulse timing variations, as well as sample motion. These artifacts appear in the phase encoding direction, independent of the direction of the motion.
mri safety guidance
Image Guidance
Motion artifacts can be flipped 90° by swapping the phase//frequency encoding directions.
The artifacts can be reduced by using breath holding, cardiac synchronization or respiratory compensation techniques: triggering, gating, retrospective triggering or phase encoding artifact reduction. Flow effects can be reduced by using gradient moment nulling of the first order of flow, gradient moment rephasing or flow compensation, depending of the MRI system.
Peristaltic motion can be reduced with the intravenous injection of an anti-spasmodic (e.g. Buscopan).
By using multiple averages, respiratory motion can be reduced in the same way that multiple averages increase the signal to noise ratio. Noticeable motion averaging is seen when four averages are obtained, six averages are often as good as respiratory compensation techniques and higher averages will continue to improve image quality.
In some cases will help a presaturation of the anatomy that was generating the motion.

See also Phase Encoded Motion Artifact.
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• Related Searches:
    • Motion Compensation Pulse Sequences
    • Claustrophobia
    • Ghosting Artifact
    • Gradient Motion Rephasing
    • Motion Artifact Suppression Technique
 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
The Effects of Breathing Motion on DCE-MRI Images: Phantom Studies Simulating Respiratory Motion to Compare CAIPIRINHA-VIBE, Radial-VIBE, and Conventional VIBE
Tuesday, 7 February 2017   by www.kjronline.org    
  News & More:
Patient movement during MRI: Additional points to ponder
Tuesday, 5 January 2016   by www.healthimaging.com    
Motion-compensation of Cardiac Perfusion MRI using a Statistical Texture Ensemble(.pdf)
June 2003   by www.imm.dtu.dk    
MRI Resources 
General - Implant and Prosthesis pool - Nerve Stimulator - MRA - Developers - Guidance
 
Paramagnetic Chemical Exchange Saturation TransferInfoSheet: - Contrast Agents - 
Intro, Overview, 
Characteristics, 
Types of, 
etc.
 
(PARACEST) The alteration of the proton density or total water signal changes contrast and can be detected by the MRI scanner. Paramagnetic chemical exchange saturation transfer contrast agents are based upon the magnetization transfer mechanism.
Lanthanide ion complexes formed with tetra-amide based ligands display unusually slow water exchange kinetics and this feature may be used to alter image contrast by applying a selective presaturation pulse in an imaging sequence. This results in chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) from the lanthanide-bound water to bulk water thereby altering image contrast.
Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) agents are a class of contrast agents that could potentially revolutionize the MRI field because of their improved sensitivity and can have a great impact on functional magnetic resonance imaging.
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Further Reading:
  Basics:
Multimodal Nanoparticles for Quantitative Imaging(.pdf)
Tuesday, 13 December 2011   by alexandria.tue.nl    
  News & More:
New Brain Imaging Technique Identifies Previously Undetected Epileptic Seizure Sites
Friday, 13 November 2015   by www.newswise.com    
Non-invasive Imaging Method For Diagnosing Osteoarthritis Developed
Friday, 15 February 2008   by www.sciencedaily.com    
MRI Resources 
Image Quality - Corporations - Shoulder MRI - Distributors - MRI Technician and Technologist Career - Non-English
 
Quadrupole ArtifactInfoSheet: - Artifacts - 
Case Studies, 
Reduction Index, 
etc.MRI Resource Directory:
 - Artifacts -
 
Quick Overview
Artifact Information
NAME
Quadrupole artifact
DESCRIPTION
Signal loss, intensity variations
REASON
B1 disturbance
HELP
Fat suppression (SPIR or FatSat) is very critical to the magnetic field homogeneity. Eddy currents in the patient results in B1 disturbance from left to right and from anterior to posterior. The artifact is seen as signal intensity variations with SPIR, like a signal intensity loss diagonal in the image. The short T1 inversion recovery (STIR) sequence is due to another type of fat suppression insensitive to this artifact.
mri safety guidance
Image Guidance
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Radio Frequency Pulse
 
A pulse is a rapid change in the amplitude of a RF signal or in some characteristic a RF signal, e.g., phase or frequency, from a baseline value to a higher or lower value, followed by a rapid return to the baseline value. For radio frequencies near the Larmor frequency, it will result in rotation of the macroscopic magnetization vector. The amount of rotation will depend on the strength and duration of the RF pulse; commonly used examples are 90° (p/2) and 180° (p) pulses.
RF pulses are used in the spin preparation phase of a pulse sequence, which prepare the spin system for the ensuing measurements. In many sequences, RF pulses are also applied to the volumes outside the one to be measured. This is the case when spatial presaturation techniques are used to suppress artifacts. Many preparation pulses are required in MR spectroscopy to suppress signal from unwanted spins. The simplest preparation pulse making use of spectroscopic properties is a fat saturation pulse, which specifically irradiates the patient at the fat resonant frequency, so that the magnetization coming from fat protons is tilted into the xy-plane where it is subsequently destroyed by a strong dephasing gradient.
The frequency spectrum of RF pulses is critical as it determines the spatial extension and homogeneity over which the spin magnetization is influenced while a gradient field is applied.
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• View the DATABASE results for 'Radio Frequency Pulse' (16).Open this link in a new window

 
Further Reading:
  News & More:
MRI Safety: Monitoring Body Temperature During MRI
Thursday, 4 August 2011   by www.diagnosticimaging.com    
MRI Resources 
RIS - Stent - Directories - Online Books - Chemistry - Journals
 
Time of Flight AngiographyInfoSheet: - Sequences - 
Intro, 
Overview, 
Types of, 
etc.MRI Resource Directory:
 - MRA -
 
(TOF) The time of flight angiography is used for the imaging of vessels. Usually the sequence type is a gradient echo sequences with short TR, acquired with slices perpendicular to the direction of blood flow.
The source of diverse flow effects is the difference between the unsaturated and presaturated spins and creates a bright vascular image without the invasive use of contrast media. Flowing blood moves unsaturated spins from outside the slice into the imaging plane. These completely relaxed spins have full equilibrium magnetization and produce (when entering the imaging plane) a much higher signal than stationary spins if a gradient echo sequence is generated. This flow related enhancement is also referred to as entry slice phenomenon, or inflow enhancement.
Performing a presaturation slab on one side parallel to the slice can selectively destroy the MR signal from the in-flowing blood from this side of the slice. This allows the technique to be flow direction sensitive and to separate arteriograms or venograms. When the local magnetization of moving blood is selectively altered in a region, e.g. by selective excitation, it carries the altered magnetization with it when it moves, thus tagging the selected region for times on the order of the relaxation times.
For maximum flow signal, a complete new part of blood has to enter the slice every repetition (TR) period, which makes time of flight angiography sensitive to flow-velocity. The choice of TR and slice thickness should be appropriate to the expected flow-velocities because even small changes in slice thickness influences the performance of the TOF sequence. The use of sequential 2 dimensional Fourier transformation (2DFT) slices, 3DFT slabs, or multiple 3D slabs (chunks) are depending on the coverage required and the range of flow-velocities.
3D TOF MRA is routinely used for evaluating the Circle of Willis.

See also Magnetic Resonance Angiography and Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography.
 
Images, Movies, Sliders:
 TOF-MRA Circle of Willis Inverted MIP  Open this link in a new window
    

 Circle of Willis, Time of Flight, MIP  Open this link in a new window
    
SlidersSliders Overview

 
Radiology-tip.comradCT Angiography,  Coronary Angiogram
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Medical-Ultrasound-Imaging.comColor Power Angio,  Doppler Ultrasound
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• View the DATABASE results for 'Time of Flight Angiography' (11).Open this link in a new window

 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
MR–ANGIOGRAPHY(.pdf)
  News & More:
Magnetic resonance angiography: current status and future directions
Wednesday, 9 March 2011   by www.jcmr-online.com    
MRI Resources 
MRI Technician and Technologist Schools - Movies - Implant and Prosthesis pool - Portals - IR - Abdominal Imaging
 
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