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Vector
 
A vector is a quantity characterized by a magnitude (in mathematics a number, in physics a number times a unit) and a direction (and a point of application), often represented graphically by an arrow. The length of the line segment represents the magnitude, and its orientation in space represents its direction. Vector quantities can be added to or subtracted from one another. Used in MRI to describe forces, e.g. magnetic moment, spin, magnetization etc.
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Vector
   by en.wikipedia.org    
MRI GLOSSARY
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Alternating Current
 
A current that continuously changes in magnitude and direction. Commonly the current changes at a frequency of 50 - 60 Hz.
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Bipolar Gradient Pulse
 
Bipolar gradients are two gradients with the same magnitude but opposite gradient direction. A bipolar gradient pulse is produced if one of the bipolar gradients is switched e.g., in negative direction and then switched in the opposite direction for an equivalent amount of time.
Bipolar gradients are used e.g. in phase contrast and diffusion weighted sequences. A bipolar gradient pulse pair produces a phase shift, which depends on the velocity component along this gradient. Motion along a bipolar gradient pulse pair results in a flow-induced phase shift of the transverse magnetization. The bipolar gradient pulse pair will not affect stationary spins. The amount of phase shifts depends on the area of each gradient pulse, and distance between the pulses. An echo occurring after such a gradient is flow compensated for velocity. A slight shift in the balance of this gradient will introduce a defined flow sensitivity of the pulse sequence.
 
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Coupling Constant
 
Spectral lines are split by spin spin coupling into multiplets whose frequencies are separated by an amount depending on the coupling constant, J. The magnitude of J is independent of the strength of the applied magnetic field and is given in units of frequency, Hz.
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Spin Spin Coupling:The splitting of NMR Signals
   by iis.dmhcsm.edu.hk    
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Diffusion Tensor ImagingInfoSheet: - Sequences - 
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 - Diffusion Weighted Imaging -
 
(DTI) Diffusion tensor imaging is the more sophisticated form of DWI, which allows for the determination of directionality as well as the magnitude of water diffusion. This kind of MR imaging can estimates damage to nerve fibers that connect the area of the brain affected by the stroke to brain regions that are distant from it, and can be used to determine the effectiveness of stroke prevention medications.
DTI (FiberTrak) enables to visualize white matter fibers in the brain and can map (trace image) subtle changes in the white matter associated with diseases such as multiple sclerosis and epilepsy, as well as assessing diseases where the brain's wiring is abnormal, such as schizophrenia.
The fractional anisotropy (FA) gives information about the shape of the diffusion tensor at each voxel. The FA is based on the normalized variance of the eigenvalues. The fractional anisotropy reflects differences between an isotropic diffusion and a linear diffusion. The FA range is between 0 and 1 (0 = isotropic diffusion, 1 = highly directional).
The development of new imaging methods and some useful analysis techniques, such as 3-dimensional anisotropy contrast (3DAC) and spatial tracking of the diffusion tensor tractography (DTT), are currently under study.
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Further Reading:
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EVALUATION OF HUMAN STROKE BY MR IMAGING
2000
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What MRI-Derived Data and Other Factors Reveal About White Matter Hyperintensity in Former Football Players
Saturday, 23 December 2023   by www.diagnosticimaging.com    
Effect of gadolinium-based contrast agent on breast diffusion-tensor imaging
Thursday, 6 August 2020   by www.eurekalert.org    
Learning difficulties linked to poor brain connectivity
Monday, 2 March 2020   by cosmosmagazine.com    
New imaging technique reveals early brain damage caused by hypertension
Friday, 18 September 2015   by www.medicalnewstoday.com    
Imaging shows structural changes in mild traumatic brain injury
Thursday, 25 October 2007   by www.eurekalert.org    
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