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Cine Acquisition
 
The collection of images (usually at the same spatial location) covering one full period of motion or change but which may be acquired over several periods in order to obtain complete coverage.
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MRI Resources 
Libraries - Mobile MRI Rental - IR - Education - MRI Technician and Technologist Career - Claustrophobia
 
Amersham plcMRI Resource Directory:
 - Manufacturers -
 
www.amersham.com [This entry is marked for removal.]

GE Medical Systems and Amersham announced in April 2004 the completion of a share exchange acquisition of Amersham Health by GE. The result of this acquisition is the new GE Healthcare, based in the UK, totally owned by General Electric (GE).

Amersham plc, was a producer of contrast imaging agents used to enhance image quality in X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound procedures. It was also a leading producer of radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine imaging. Amersham Health was the firm's imaging, diagnostics, and therapeutics segment. Amersham plc was involved in biotechnology research through its Amersham Biosciences unit, which made scanners, sequencers, microarrays, industrial separations, and other research supplies.
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Further Reading:
  News & More:
Recommended Share Exchange Acquisition by General Electric Company and GE Investments, Inc. of Amersham plc
Friday, 10 October 2003   by www.evaluatepharma.com    
MRI Resources 
Quality Advice - Implant and Prosthesis - Mobile MRI - Brain MRI - Sequences - Societies
 
MRI History
 
Sir Joseph Larmor (1857-1942) developed the equation that the angular frequency of precession of the nuclear spins being proportional to the strength of the magnetic field. [Larmor relationship]
In the 1930's, Isidor Isaac Rabi (Columbia University) succeeded in detecting and measuring single states of rotation of atoms and molecules, and in determining the mechanical and magnetic moments of the nuclei.
Felix Bloch (Stanford University) and Edward Purcell (Harvard University) developed instruments, which could measure the magnetic resonance in bulk material such as liquids and solids. (Both honored with the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1952.) [The birth of the NMR spectroscopy]
In the early 70's, Raymond Damadian (State University of New York) demonstrated with his NMR device, that there are different T1 relaxation times between normal and abnormal tissues of the same type, as well as between different types of normal tissues.
In 1973, Paul Lauterbur (State University of New York) described a new imaging technique that he termed Zeugmatography. By utilizing gradients in the magnetic field, this technique was able to produce a two-dimensional image (back-projection). (Through analysis of the characteristics of the emitted radio waves, their origin could be determined.) Peter Mansfield further developed the utilization of gradients in the magnetic field and the mathematically analysis of these signals for a more useful imaging technique. (Paul C Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield were awarded with the 2003 Nobel Prize in Medicine.)
In 1975, Richard Ernst introduced 2D NMR using phase and frequency encoding, and the Fourier Transform. Instead of Paul Lauterbur's back-projection, he timely switched magnetic field gradients ('NMR Fourier Zeugmatography'). [This basic reconstruction method is the basis of current MRI techniques.]
1977/78: First images could be presented. A cross section through a finger by Peter Mansfield and Andrew A. Maudsley. Peter Mansfield also could present the first image through the abdomen.
In 1977, Raymond Damadian completed (after 7 years) the first MR scanner (Indomitable). In 1978, he founded the FONAR Corporation, which manufactured the first commercial MRI scanner in 1980. Fonar went public in 1981.
1981: Schering submitted a patent application for Gd-DTPA dimeglumine.
1982: The first 'magnetization-transfer' imaging by Robert N. Muller.
In 1983, Toshiba obtained approval from the Ministry of Health and Welfare in Japan for the first commercial MRI system.
In 1984, FONAR Corporation receives FDA approval for its first MRI scanner.
1986: Jürgen Hennig, A. Nauerth, and Hartmut Friedburg (University of Freiburg) introduced RARE (rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement) imaging. Axel Haase, Jens Frahm, Dieter Matthaei, Wolfgang Haenicke, and Dietmar K. Merboldt (Max-Planck-Institute, Göttingen) developed the FLASH (fast low angle shot) sequence.
1988: Schering's MAGNEVIST gets its first approval by the FDA.
In 1991, fMRI was developed independently by the University of Minnesota's Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR) and Massachusetts General Hospital's (MGH) MR Center.
From 1992 to 1997 Fonar was paid for the infringement of it's patents from 'nearly every one of its competitors in the MRI industry including giant multi-nationals as Toshiba, Siemens, Shimadzu, Philips and GE'.
 
Images, Movies, Sliders:
 Cardiac Infarct Short Axis Cine Overview  Open this link in a new window
    

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman
 
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Further Reading:
  Basics:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, History & Introduction
2000   by www.cis.rit.edu    
A Short History of the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
   by www.teslasociety.com    
Fonar Our History
   by www.fonar.com    
  News & More:
Scientists win Nobels for work on MRI
Tuesday, 10 June 2003   by usatoday30.usatoday.com    
2001 Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award Winner
   by web.mit.edu    
MRI's inside story
Thursday, 4 December 2003   by www.economist.com    
Searchterm 'Cine Acquisition' was also found in the following service: 
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Signa HDe 1.5T™InfoSheet: - Devices -
Intro, 
Types of Magnets, 
Overview, 
etc.
 
www.vitalcom.com/euen/mri/products/signa-hde-15t/index.html From GE Healthcare;
GE Healthcare has added the Signa HDe 1.5T™, a compact MRI device at an affordable price to its family of MRI products. It has a single electronic cabinet that can be positioned inside the scanner room rather than in a separate equipment room. The Signa HDe 1.5T can be installed in the same physical location as 0.5T MRI systems with minimal construction costs. According to GE, the installation has been simplified to last only 7 days and has a 30 percent smaller footprint than a typical 1.5T system.
The 1.5T Signa™ HDe MRI system is substantially equivalent to the currently marketed GE 1.5T machines. The data acquisition system supports 1, 4, 8 independent receive channels and multiple independent coil elements per channel during a single acquisition series. The gradient specifications of HDe are lower than other GE Signa 1.5T MRI systems, but it can support clinical applications in cardiac and spectroscopy imaging.
Device Information and Specification
CLINICAL APPLICATION
Whole body
CONFIGURATION
Compact short bore
Head and body coil standard; all other coils optional e.g., abdomen, spine, breast, knee, shoulder, cardiac imaging coils
Possible
SYNCHRONIZATION
ECG/peripheral, respiratory gating, (SmartPrep, SmartStep)
PULSE SEQUENCES
Standard: SE, IR, 2D/3D GRE and SPGR, Angiography: 2D/3D TOF, 2D/3D Phase Contrast; 2D/3D FSE, 2D/3D FGRE and FSPGR, SSFP, FLAIR, EPI
IMAGING MODES
2D single slice, multi slice, and 3D volume images, multi slab, cine
1 cm to 48 cm continuous
2D 0.7 mm to 20 mm; 3D 0.1 mm to 5 mm
1028 x 1024
MEASURING MATRIX
128x512 steps 32 phase encode
PIXEL INTENSITY
256 gray levels
POWER REQUIREMENTS
480 or 380/415
COOLING SYSTEM TYPE
Closed-loop water-cooled gradient
CRYOGEN USE, L/hr
less than 0.03 L/hr liquid helium
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Further Reading:
  Basics:
Signa HDe 1.5T
   by www.gehealthcare.com/    
MRI Resources 
Hospitals - Universities - Distributors - MR Myelography - Developers - Nerve Stimulator
 
Picture Archiving and Communication SystemMRI Resource Directory:
 - PACS -
 
(PACS) A system used to communicate and archive medical imaging data, mostly images and associated textural data generated in a radiology department, and disseminated throughout the hospital. A PACS is usually based on the DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) standard.
The main components in the PACS are:
acquisition devices where the images are acquired,
short and longer term archives for storage of digital and textural data,
a database and database management,
diagnostic and review workstations,
software to run the system,
a communication network linking the system components,
interfaces with other networks (hospital and radiological information systems).

Acquisition devices, which acquire their data in direct digital format, like a MRI system, are most easily integrated into a PACS.
Short term archives need to have rapid access, such as provided by a RAID (redundant array of independent disks), whereas long term archives need not have such rapid access and can be consigned, e.g. to optical disks or a magnetic.
High speed networks are necessary for rapid transmission of imaging data from the short term archive to the diagnostic workstations. Optical fiber, ATM (asynchronous transfer mode), fast or switched Ethernet, are examples of high speed transmission networks, whereas demographic textural data may be transmitted along conventional Ethernet.
Sophisticated software is a major element in any hospital-wide PACS. The software concepts include: preloading or prefetching of historical images pertinent to current examinations, worklists and folders to subdivide the vast mass of data acquired in a PACS in a form, which is easy and practical to access, default display protocols whereby images are automatically displayed on workstation monitors in a prearranged clinically logical order and format, and protocols radiologists can rapidly report worklists of undictated examinations, using a minimum of computer manipulation.
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Further Reading:
  Basics:
Healthcare IT Yellow Pages PACS / Image Management Directory
   by www.health-infosys-dir.com    
MRI Resources 
Health - Shoulder MRI - Universities - DICOM - Calculation - Equipment
 
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