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3 Dimensional Imaging
 
A technique, which produces a 3 dimensional image of an object. The advantage of this approach is that the signal, acquired from the entire volume has an increased SNR. 'Slices' are defined by a second phase encoded axis, which divides the volume into 'partitions'. There is no gap between the slices in 3D volume imaging, therefore thin slices are possible. The Gz phase encoding gradient is set for several slices in one. But 3D takes more time with thin slices because of this phase encoding gradient. With conventional thin slice imaging, the SNR is poor, with 3D volume imaging this is not the case because the slab (volume) is responsible for SNR.
 
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• Related Searches:
    • Cardiac MRI
    • Magnetization Prepared Rapid Gradient Echo
    • Volumetric Interpolated Breath Hold Examination
    • Cartesian Coordinate System
    • T1W High Resolution Isotropic Volume Examination
 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
3D-DOCTOR Tutorial
   by www.ablesw.com    
  News & More:
3-D VOLUMETRIC IMAGING FOR STEREOTACTIC LESIONAL AND DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION SURGERY
Innovative 3D-imaging Technique Captures Brain Damage Linked To Alzheimer's Disease
Monday, 29 October 2007   by www.sciencedaily.com    
MRI Resources 
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Cardiac MRIForum -
related threads
 
In the last years, cardiac MRI techniques have progressively improved. No other noninvasive imaging modality provides the same degree of contrast and temporal resolution for the assessment of cardiovascular anatomy and pathology. Contraindications MRI are the same as for other magnetic resonance techniques.
The primary advantage of MRI is extremely high contrast resolution between different tissue types, including blood. Moreover, MRI is a true 3 dimensional imaging modality and images can be obtained in any oblique plane along the true cardiac axes while preserving high temporal and spatial resolution with precise demonstration of cardiac anatomy without the administration of contrast media.
Due to these properties, MRI can precisely characterize cardiac function and quantify cavity volumes, ejection fraction, and left ventricular mass. In addition, cardiac MRI has the ability to quantify flow (see flow quantification), including bulk flow in vessels, pressure gradients across stenosis, regurgitant fractions and shunt fractions. Valve morphology and area can be determined and the severity of stenosis quantified. In certain disease states, such as myocardial infarction, the contrast resolution of MRI is further improved by the addition of extrinsic contrast agents (see myocardial late enhancement).
A dedicated cardiac coil, and a field strength higher than 1 Tesla is recommended to have sufficient signal. Cardiac MRI acquires ECG gating. Cardiac gating (ECGs) obtained within the MRI scanner, can be degraded by the superimposed electrical potential of flowing blood in the magnetic field. Therefore, excellent contact between the skin and ECG leads is necessary. For male patients, the skin at the lead sites can be shaved. A good cooperation of the patient is necessary because breath holding at the end of expiration is practiced during the most sequences.

See also Displacement Encoding with Stimulated Echoes.
For Ultrasound Imaging (USI) see Cardiac Ultrasound at Medical-Ultrasound-Imaging.com.

See also the related poll results: 'In 2010 your scanner will probably work with a field strength of' and 'MRI will have replaced 50% of x-ray exams by'
 
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 Delayed Myocardial Contrast Enhancement from Infarct  Open this link in a new window
      

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman
 
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• View the DATABASE results for 'Cardiac MRI' (15).Open this link in a new window


• View the NEWS results for 'Cardiac MRI' (15).Open this link in a new window.
 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
Cardiac MRI - Technical Aspects Primer
Wednesday, 7 August 2002
Prediction of Myocardial Viability by MRI
1999   by circ.ahajournals.org    
  News & More:
MRI technology visualizes heart metabolism in real time
Friday, 18 November 2022   by medicalxpress.com    
Even early forms of liver disease affect heart health, Cedars-Sinai study finds
Thursday, 8 December 2022   by www.eurekalert.org    
MRI sheds light on COVID vaccine-associated heart muscle injury
Tuesday, 15 February 2022   by www.sciencedaily.com    
Radiologists must master cardiac CT, MRI to keep pace with demand: The heart is not a magical organ
Monday, 1 March 2021   by www.radiologybusiness.com    
Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in the heart (myocardium)
Sunday, 30 August 2020   by github.com    
Non-invasive diagnostic procedures for suspected CHD: Search reveals informative evidence
Wednesday, 8 July 2020   by medicalxpress.co    
Cardiac MRI Becoming More Widely Available Thanks to AI and Reduced Exam Times
Wednesday, 19 February 2020   by www.dicardiology.com    
Controlling patient's breathing makes cardiac MRI more accurate
Friday, 13 May 2016   by www.upi.com    
Precise visualization of myocardial injury: World's first patient-based cardiac MRI study using 7T MRI
Wednesday, 10 February 2016   by medicalxpress.com    
New technique could allow for safer, more accurate heart scans
Thursday, 10 December 2015   by www.gizmag.com    
MRI Resources 
Equipment - Image Quality - Functional MRI - MRCP - Pediatric and Fetal MRI - Chemistry
 
Lumbar Spine MRI
 
MRI of the lumbar spine, with its multiplanar 3 dimensional imaging capability, is currently the preferred modality for establishing a diagnosis. MRI scans and magnetic resonance myelography have many advantages compared with computed tomography and/or X-ray myelography in evaluating the lumbar spine. MR imaging scans large areas of the spine without ionizing radiation, is noninvasive, not affected by bone artifacts, provides vascular imaging capability, and makes use of safer contrast agents (gadolinium chelate).
Due to the high level of tissue contrast resolution, nerves and discs are clearly visible. MRI is excellent for detecting degenerative disease in the spine. Lumbar spine MRI accurately shows disc disease (prolapsed disc or slipped disc), the level at which disc disease occurs, and if a disc is compressing spinal nerves. Lumbar spine MRI depicts soft tissues, including the cauda equina, spinal cord, ligaments, epidural fat, subarachnoid space, and intervertebral discs. Loss of epidural fat on T1 weighted images, loss of cerebrospinal fluid signal around the dural sac on T2 weighted images and degenerative disc disease are common features of lumbar stenosis.

Common indications for MRI of the lumbar spine:
Neurologic deficits, evidence of radiculopathy, acute spinal cord compression (e.g., sudden bowel/bladder disturbance)
Suspected systemic disorders (primary tumors, drop metastases, osteomyelitis)
Postoperative evaluation of lumbar spine: disk vs. scar
Localized back pain with no radiculopathy (leg pain)

Lumbar spine imaging requires a special spine coil. often used whole spine array coils have the advantage that patients do not need other positioning if also upper parts of the spine should be scanned. Sagittal T1 and T2 weighted FSE sequences are the standard views. With multi angle oblique techniques individually oriented transverse images of each intervertebral disc at different angles can be obtained.

See also the related poll result: 'MRI will have replaced 50% of x-ray exams by'
 
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 Anatomic Imaging of the Lumbar Spine  Open this link in a new window
      

Courtesy of  Robert R. Edelman

 
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• View the DATABASE results for 'Lumbar Spine MRI' (6).Open this link in a new window

 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
Lumbar Spine Stenosis: A Common Cause of Back and Leg Pain
   by www.aafp.org    
Spine imaging after lumbar disc replacement: pitfalls and current recommendations
Tuesday, 21 July 2009   by 7thspace.com    
  News & More:
Impact of patient-reported symptom information on lumbar spine MRI Interpretation
Monday, 25 January 2021   by www.eurekalert.org    
Lumbar spine MRI reports are too difficult for patients to understand
Friday, 29 March 2019   by www.eurekalert.org    
Inappropriate Ordering of Lumbar Spine Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Are Providers Choosing Wisely? -
Tuesday, 2 February 2016   by www.ajmc.com    
How Weight-Bearing MRIs Can Improve Care & Lower Costs While Meeting Milliman Criteria
Friday, 4 October 2013   by www.beckersspine.com    
Lumbar Diskal Cyst Containing Intervertebral Disk Materials
Tuesday, 1 November 2011   by www.orthosupersite.com    
A Study of the Morphology of Lumbar Discs in Sitting and Standing Positions Using a 0.5T Open- Configuration MRI(.pdf)
2001   by cds.ismrm.org    
Searchterm '3 Dimensional Imaging' was also found in the following service: 
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T1W High Resolution Isotropic Volume ExaminationInfoSheet: - Sequences - 
Intro, 
Overview, 
Types of, 
etc.
 
(THRIVE) THRIVE is an optimized fast T1 weighted 3 dimensional imaging technique combining sensitivity encoding, large volume coverage and uniform fat suppression. THRIVE improves for example dynamic liver, small bowel, breast, prostate and pancreas MRI, providing isotropic images with high resolution in short breath-hold times.
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• View the DATABASE results for 'T1W High Resolution Isotropic Volume Examination' (3).Open this link in a new window

MRI Resources 
Pacemaker - Breast Implant - Pregnancy - Services and Supplies - Musculoskeletal and Joint MRI - Anatomy
 
Volumetric Imaging
 
Volumetric imaging is a 3D technique where all the MRI signals are collected from the entire tissue sample and imaged as a whole entity, therefore providing a high signal to noise ratio. The acquisition of isotropic voxels or thin slices with high spatial resolution allows to create multiplanar reconstructions in all planes; a compensation for the usually longer scan time. The acquisition time can be reduced by parallel imaging technique.
New T2 weighted variants of 3D sequences (FSE-XETA, T2-SPACE, VISTA) have been introduced that differ from conventional FSE sequences. An echo train containing up to 200 echoes obtained at a minimum echo spacing allows very fast acquisition. A flip angle modulation (flip angle sweep - FAS) during the FSE readout carries magnetization as long as possible to avoid blurring and provide optimal signal at the effective echo time. This type of imaging is well suited for brain and spine MRI procedures.
Newer T1 weighted variants include Liver Acquisition with Volume Acquisition (LAVA) and T1W High Resolution Isotropic Volume Examination (THRIVE), which have advantages for dynamic breath hold imaging in liver and abdominal examinations.

See also Volume Imaging, 3 Dimensional Imaging.
 
Images, Movies, Sliders:
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 Circle of Willis, Time of Flight, MIP  Open this link in a new window
    
SlidersSliders Overview

 MRI of the Skull Base  Open this link in a new window
    
SlidersSliders Overview

 
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• View the DATABASE results for 'Volumetric Imaging' (4).Open this link in a new window


• View the NEWS results for 'Volumetric Imaging' (1).Open this link in a new window.
 
Further Reading:
  Basics:
Cutting Edge Imaging of THE Spine
February 2007   by www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov    
3-D VOLUMETRIC IMAGING FOR STEREOTACTIC LESIONAL AND DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION SURGERY
MRI Resources 
MRI Reimbursement - Non-English - NMR - Devices - Contrast Agents - Portals
 
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