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Energy
 
Ability to do work, measured in joules (J).
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• View the DATABASE results for 'Energy' (60).Open this link in a new window

Energy Level
 
The initial energy level of a spinning proton is depended of thermodynamics conditions (see Boltzmann distribution). In a magnetic field, each spin can exist in one of a number of distinct states having different energy levels. Each level is given a magnetic quantum number, m.
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Further Reading:
  Basics:
NMR Spectroscopy - Theory
   by www.shu.ac.uk    
MRI Resources 
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Entry Slice Phenomenon (Artifact)InfoSheet: - Artifacts -
Case Studies, 
Reduction Index, 
etc.MRI Resource Directory:
 - Artifacts -
 
Quick Overview
Artifact Information
NAME
Entry slice phenomenon
DESCRIPTION
Bright signals in blood vessels at the first slice
REASON
Unsaturated spins
The entry slice phenomenon arise in MRI when blood with unsaturated spins flows in the observed slice(s). These spins will emit a strong signal, because of their unsaturated status (flow related enhancement). The number of slices affected depends on the flow velocity and the slice thickness; the direction of flow determines which slices are affected. Time of Flight MRA is based on this entry slice phenomenon.

See also Flow Compensation, Flow Related Enhancement, Artifact Overview and Artifacts Reduction Index.
 
Images, Movies, Sliders:
 TOF-MRA Circle of Willis Inverted MIP  Open this link in a new window
    

 
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Further Reading:
  News & More:
Troubleshooting the ACR MRI Accreditation Phantom Tests
   by www.aapm.org    
Eovist®InfoSheet: - Contrast Agents - 
Intro, Overview, 
Characteristics, 
Types of, 
etc.
 
Eovist® (other brand name Primovist™) is a organ specific MRI contrast agent for the imaging, detection and characterization of liver conditions, including liver tumors, cysts, as well as other malignant and benign lesions. It is a water-soluble ethoxybenzyl derivative of Gd-DTPA. This compound is taken up by the hepatocytes (approximately 30% of the dose goes to the hepatocytes) and is equally excreted renal and biliary in humans. Excretion of Gd-EOB-DTPA in the bile may also permit visualization of both the gall bladder and the bile ducts.
Eovist® brightens the signal of T1 weighted MR images immediately after contrast administration. Dynamic and accumulation phase imaging can also be performed after bolus injection of Eovist®. The hepatocytes uptake will increase the signal intensity of normal liver parenchyma at 10 to 20 minutes after injection. This results in improved lesion-to-liver contrast because malignant tumors (metastases, the majority of hepatocellular carcinomas) do not contain either hepatocytes or their functioning is hampered.

WARNING: Gadolinium-based contrast agents increase the risk for nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) in patients with acute or chronic severe renal insufficiency (glomerular filtration rate less than 30 mL/min/1.73m2), or acute renal insufficiency of any severity due to the hepato-renal syndrome or in the perioperative liver transplantation period.

See also Drug Development and Approval Process USA, Contrast Medium, Hepatobiliary Contrast Agents, Tumor Specific Agents and Molecular Imaging.
Drug Information and Specification
NAME OF COMPOUND
Gadoxetic acid disodium, Gd-EOB-DTPA
CENTRAL MOIETY
Gd2+
CONTRAST EFFECT
T1, Predominantly positive enhancement
Short T1-relaxation time
PHARMACOKINETIC
50% hepatobiliary, 50% renal excretion
884 mosm/kgH2O
CONCENTRATION
0.25 mol/L
DOSAGE
12,5 - 25 µmol/kg
PREPARATION
Finished product
INDICATION
Liver lesions
DEVELOPMENT STAGE
For sale
DISTRIBUTOR
See below
PRESENTATION
DO NOT RELY ON THE INFORMATION PROVIDED HERE, THEY ARE
NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR THE ACCOMPANYING PACKAGE INSERT!
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Further Reading:
  Basics:
HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
2008   by berlex.bayerhealthcare.com    
EP-2104RInfoSheet: - Contrast Agents - 
Intro, Overview, 
Characteristics, 
Types of, 
etc.MRI Resource Directory:
 - Contrast Agents -
 
EP-2104R is a molecularly targeted MRI contrast agent for high resolution blood clot imaging within half an hour of injection. This gadolinium based small peptide has high affinity and specificity for human fibrin.
The thrombus agent is a new class of contrast medium for the diagnostic of, e.g. deep venous thrombosis, carotid artery blood clots, coronary artery blood clots and pulmonary embolism. Fibrin is an excellent target for a molecular imaging contrast agent, since it is present in arterial and venous clots at high concentrations (20-100 μM), and is a target for fibrinolytic therapy.
Due to financial problems, the developer EPIX Pharmaceuticals, Inc. had to shut down all operations. As a consequence, the development of EP-2104R is discontinued.
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